La responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales pour les crimes internationaux commis dans les conflits armés non internationaux

La responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales pour les crimes internationaux commis dans les conflits armés non internationaux
Author: Jelena Aparac
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:
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La nature des conflits armés a significativement changé ces dernières décennies car ils sont devenus de plus en plus asymétriques. Des études multiples montrent que plus l'État est riche en ressources naturelles, plus il a la possibilité de subir un conflit interne de long durée. Parmi les acteurs impliqués, les entreprises multinationales contribuent directement ou indirectement non seulement aux conflits, mais aussi aux crimes qui sont commis dans ce contexte. Parmi elles, les sociétés militaires et de sécurité privées, les entreprises de l'industrie extractive et les institutions financières privées sont particulièrement impliquées. La première partie de cette thèse étudie la cristallisation progressive du droit substantiel et le fondement de la théorie de la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales en raison de leur participation aux crimes internationaux. A la différence de l'approche traditionnelle de droit international public, le droit international humanitaire, applicable en période de conflit armé, est opposable aux acteurs non étatiques, et donc également aux entreprises multinationales. De ce fait, ce droit, ainsi que le droit international pénal, peuvent être des fondements de la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales. Ce postulat a été accepté dès les procès de Nuremberg qui ont pour la première fois écarté le principe de societas delinquere non potest et reconnu le rôle des entreprises dans les conflit armés. Malgré la multiplication des initiatives de la soft law relatives à la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, force est de constater que celles-ci ne sont pas suffisantes, car elles ne prennent pas en compte les situations de conflits armés. Aussi, pour justifier l'application du droit international humanitaire aux entreprises, la présente étude identifie le statut des entreprises, leurs obligations et les conséquences de la violation, puis explique les modalités de l'attribution des crimes aux entreprises en analysant les formes directes et indirectes de participation en cause. La deuxième partie de la thèse explore les possibilités de la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité des entreprises devant des mécanismes et tribunaux internationaux. Dans un premier temps, l'auteur s'interroge sur les possibilités d'engager la responsabilité des entreprises multinationales devant les mécanismes pénaux, y compris devant la Cour pénale internationale (moyennant la modification du Statut de Rome). Enfin, la thèse s'achève sur une étude des mécanismes ne relevant pas de la logique pénale. L'auteur questionne ainsi les options existantes devant les institutions spécialisées en matière de droits de l'Homme et de de droit international économique. L'auteur parachève son étude par une analyse de la documentation des crimes d'entreprises, réalisée soit par des enquêtes officielles, soit par la société civile et des tribunaux d'opinions. L'auteur conclut que la voie de la procédure internationale pénale est la plus adaptée pour la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité des entreprises multinationales pour leurs participations dans des crimes internationaux, sans que cela exclut d'autres mécanismes compétents qui demeurent des voies complémentaires.

Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors

Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors
Author: Andrew Clapham
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Total Pages: 2518
Release: 2006-03-02
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0191018627
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The threats to human rights posed by non-state actors are of increasing concern. Human rights activists increasingly address the activity of multinational corporations, the policies of international organizations such as the World Bank and the World Trade Organization, and international crimes committed by entities such as armed opposition groups and terrorists. This book presents an approach to human rights that goes beyond the traditional focus on states and outlines the human rights obligations of non-state actors. Furthermore, it addresses some of the ways in which these entities can be held legally accountable for their actions in various jurisdictions. The political debate concerning the appropriateness of expanding human rights scrutiny to non-state actors is discussed and dissected. For some, extending human rights into these spheres trivializes human rights and allows abusive governments to distract us from ongoing violations. For others such an extension is essential if human rights are properly to address the current concerns of women and workers. The main focus of the book, however, is on the legal obligations of non-state actors. The book discusses how developments in the fields of international responsibility and international criminal law have implications for building a framework for the human rights obligations of non-state actors in international law. In turn these international developments have drawn on the changing ways in which human rights are implemented in national law. A selection of national jurisdictions, including the United States, South Africa and the United Kingdom are examined with regard to the application of human rights law to non-state actors. The book's final part includes suggestions with regard to understanding the parameters of the human rights obligations of non-state actors. Key to understanding the legal obligations of non-state actors are concepts such as dignity and democracy. While neither concept can unravel the dilemmas involved in the application of human rights law to non-state actors, a better understanding of the tensions surrounding these concepts can help us to understand what is at stake.

The Universalism of Human Rights

The Universalism of Human Rights
Author: Rainer Arnold
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 435
Release: 2012-08-21
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9400745109
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Is there universalism of human rights? If so, what are its scope and limits? This book is a doctrinal attempt to define universalism of human rights, as well as its scope and limits. The book presents tests of universalism on international, regional and national constitutional levels. It is maintained that universalism of human rights is both a ‘concept’ and a ‘normative reality’. The normative character of human rights is scrutinized through the study of international and regional agreements as well as national constitutions. As a consequence, limitations of normativity are identified, usually on the international level, and take the form of exceptions, reservations, and interpretations. The book is based on the General and National Reports which were originally presented at the 18th International Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in Washington D.C. 2010.

Post-Conflict Peacebuilding

Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
Author: Vincent Chetail
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Total Pages: 411
Release: 2009-03-26
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0191018694
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Post-Conflict Peacebuilding comes at a critical time for post-conflict peacebuilding. Its rapid move towards the top of the international political agenda has been accompanied by added scrutiny, as the international community seeks to meet the multi-dimensional challenges of building a just and sustainable peace in societies ravaged by war. Beyond the strictly operational dimension, there is considerable ambiguity in the concepts and terminology used to discuss post-conflict peacebuilding. This ambiguity undermines efforts to agree on common understandings of how peace can be most effectively 'built', thereby impeding swift, coherent action. Accordingly, this lexicon aims to clarify and illuminate the multiple facets of post-conflict peacebuilding, by presenting its major themes and trends from an analytical perspective. To this end, the book opens with a general introduction on the concept of post-conflict peacebuilding, followed by twenty-six essays on its key elements (including capacity-building, conflict transformation, reconciliation, recovery, rule of law, security sector reform, and transitional justice). Written by international experts from a range of disciplines, including political science and international relations, international law, economics, and sociology, these essays cover the whole spectrum of post-conflict peacebuilding. In reflecting a diversity of perspectives the lexicon sheds light on many different challenges associated with post-conflict peacebuilding. For each key concept a generic definition is proposed, which is then expanded through discussion of three main areas: the meaning and origin of the concept; its content and essential components; and its means of implementation, including lessons learned from past practice.

The Human Right to Water

The Human Right to Water
Author: Inga Winkler
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 376
Release: 2014-08-14
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1847319629
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The United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Council recognised the human right to water in 2010. This formal recognition has put the issue high on the international agenda, but by itself leaves many questions unanswered. This book addresses this gap and clarifies the legal status and meaning of the right to water through a detailed analysis of its legal foundations, legal nature, normative content and corresponding State obligations. The human right to water has wide-ranging implications for the distribution of water. Examining these implications requires putting the right to water into the broader context of different water uses and analysing the linkages and competition with other human rights that depend on water for their realisation. Water allocation is a highly political issue reflecting societal power relations, with current priorities often benefitting the well-off and powerful. Human rights, in contrast, require prioritising the most basic needs of all people. The human right to water has the potential to address these underlying structural causes of the lack of access to water rooted in inequalities and poverty by empowering people to hold the State accountable to live up to its human rights obligations and to demand that their basic needs are met with priority.

International Courts and the Development of International Law

International Courts and the Development of International Law
Author: Nerina Boschiero
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 948
Release: 2013-03-15
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9067048941
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This book contains a collection of essays by leading experts linked to the outstanding characteristics of the scholar in honour of whom it is published, Tullio Treves, who combines his academic background with his practical experiences of a negotiator of international treaties and a judge of an international tribunal. It covers international public and private law related to international courts and the development of international law. Under Article 38 of its Statute, the International Court of Justice can apply judicial decisions only as a “subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law”. However, there are many reasons to believe that international courts and tribunals do play quite an important role in the progressive development of international law. There are a number of decisions which are inevitably recalled as the first step, or a decisive step, in the process of the formation of a new rule of customary international law. In these cases, can the judge be considered as a subsidiary of others? Are these cases compatible with the common belief that a judge cannot create law? Is this a peculiarity of international law, which is characterized by the existence of several courts but the lack of a legislator? Do decisions by different courts lead to the consequence of a fragmented international law? This volume provides the reader with an elaboration of various questions linked to the legislative role of courts. In their choices of subjects, some contributors have taken into account the general aspects of the development of international rules through court decisions or specific sectors of international law, such as human rights, international crimes, international economic law, environmental law and the law of the sea. Others have chosen the subject of the rules on jurisdiction and procedure of international courts. The question of the courts’ role in the development of areas of law different from public international law, namely private international law and European Union law, has also been considered. The information and views contained in this book will be of great value to academics, students, judges, practitioners and all others interested in the public and private international law aspects of the link between international courts and the development of international law.

Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict

Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict
Author: Lawrence Hill-Cawthorne
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 424
Release: 2016-03-24
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0191067016
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International law has long differentiated between international and non-international armed conflicts, traditionally regulating the former far more comprehensively than the latter. This is particularly stark in the case of detention, where the law of non-international armed conflict contains no rules on who may be detained, what processes must be provided to review their detention, and when they must be released. Given that non-international armed conflicts are now the most common form of conflict, this is especially worrying, and the consequences of this have been seen in the detention practices of states such as the US and UK in Iraq and Afghanistan. This book provides a comprehensive examination of the procedural rules that apply to detention in non-international armed conflict, with the focus on preventive security detention, or 'internment'. All relevant areas of international law, most notably international humanitarian law and international human rights law, are analysed in detail and the interaction between them explored. The book gives an original account of the relationship between the relevant rules of IHL and IHRL, which is firmly grounded in general international law scholarship, treating the issue as a matter of treaty interpretation. With that in mind, and with reference to State practice in specific non-international armed conflicts - including those in Sri Lanka, Colombia, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Iraq - it is demonstrated that the customary and treaty obligations of States under human rights law continue, absent derogation, to apply to detention in non-international armed conflicts. The practical operation of those rules is then explored in detail. The volume ends with a set of concrete proposals for developing the law in this area, in a manner that builds upon, rather than replaces, the existing obligations of States and non-State armed groups.

Privatizing War

Privatizing War
Author: Lindsey Cameron
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 757
Release: 2013-03-07
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1107032407
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A comprehensive and detailed analysis of the international legal framework applying to private military and security companies in armed conflict.

Beyond Human Rights

Beyond Human Rights
Author: Anne Peters
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 645
Release: 2016-10-27
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1107164303
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Beyond Human Rights, previously published in German and now available in English, is a historical and doctrinal study about the legal status of individuals in international law.