This book reviews the biomaterials (metallic, non-metallic and bone allografts) used for orthopaedic applications and explains both the engineering and clinical aspects of their use and performance within the human body. Successful orthopaedic device development and surgical practice requires a strong integration of different disciplines of science, including anatomy, biology, biomechanics, biomaterials, metallurgy, materials science, chemistry, and, more recently, biotechnology and nanotechnology. This volume helps bridge the gap among these disciplines, with emphasis on the fundamental principles of biomechanics and biomaterials. Case studies are used to explain and illustrate the concepts. Specific applications addressed include internal and external bone fracture fixation, hip and knee joint replacements, spine implants and disc prostheses, and the application of structural bone allografts for patients with bone tumors (sarcoma). The concepts presented are not only applicable to current devices and surgical practice, but will also help researchers, device designers, and physicians address key issues, such as aseptic loosening of the femoral stem component, implant wear, acetabular and femoral osteolysis, among others. This book will be useful for a broad range of researchers, clinicians, engineers, and students who are involved in the development, selection, processing, or application of orthopaedic implants.