Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Project Apollo

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Project Apollo
Author: World Spaceflight News
Publisher:
Total Pages: 93
Release: 2018-01-05
Genre:
ISBN: 9781976815393

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This official NASA history document presents a narrative account of the Apollo lunar landing program from its origin through its assessment. The preface states: "The program to land an American on the Moon and return safely to Earth in the 1960s has been called by some observers a defining event of the twentieth century. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., even suggested that when Americans two centuries hence study the twentieth century, they will view the Apollo lunar landing as the critical event of the century. While that conclusion might be premature, there can be little doubt but that the flight of Apollo 11 in particular and the overall Apollo program in general was a high point in humanity's quest to explore the universe beyond Earth." From the introduction: "On 25 May 1961 President John F. Kennedy announced to the nation a goal of sending an American safely to the Moon before the end of the decade. This decision involved much study and review prior to making it public, and tremendous expenditure and effort to make it a reality by 1969. Only the building of the Panama Canal rivaled the Apollo program's size as the largest non- military technological endeavor ever undertaken by the United States; only the Manhattan Project was comparable in a wartime setting. The human spaceflight imperative was a direct outgrowth of it; Projects Mercury (at least in its latter stages), Gemini, and Apollo were each designed to execute it. It was finally successfully accomplished on 20 July 1969, when Apollo 11's astronaut Neil Armstrong left the Lunar Module and set foot on the surface of the Moon." Contents include: The Kennedy Perspective on Space * The Soviet Challenge Renewed * Reevaluating NASA's Priorities * The NASA Position * Decision * An Assessment of the Decision * Gearing Up for Project Apollo * The Program Management Concept * How Do We Go to the Moon? * Prelude to Apollo: Mercury * Bridging the Technological Gap: From Gemini to Apollo * Satellite Support of Apollo * Building Saturn * The Apollo Spacecraft * The Lunar Module * Trips to the Moon * A Meaning for Apollo

The Apollo Chronicles

The Apollo Chronicles
Author: Brandon R. Brown
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Total Pages: 289
Release: 2019
Genre: TRANSPORTATION
ISBN: 0190681349

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The moon landing of 1969 stands as an iconic moment for both the United States and humankind. The familiar story focuses on the journey of the brave astronauts, who brought home Moon rocks and startling photographs. But Apollo's full account includes the earthbound engineers, mounds of their crumpled paper, and smoldering metal shards of exploded engines. How exactly did the nation, step by difficult step, take men to the Moon and back? In The Apollo Chronicles, fifty years after the moon landing, author Brandon R. Brown, himself the son of an Apollo engineer, revisits the men and women who toiled behind the lights. He relays the defining twentieth-century project from its roots, bringing the engineers' work and personalities to bright life on the page. Set against the backdrop of a turbulent American decade, the narrative whisks audiences through tense deadlines and technical miracles, from President John F. Kennedy's 1961 challenge to NASA's 1969 lunar triumph, as engineers confronted wave after wave of previously unthinkable challenges. Brown immerses readers in key physical hurdles--from building the world's most powerful rockets to keeping humans alive in the hostile void of space--using language free of acronyms and technical jargon. The book also pulls back from the detailed tasks and asks larger questions. What did we learn about the Moon? And what can this uniquely innovative project teach us today?

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Before This Decade Is Out... . Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program (NASA SP-4223) by Von Braun, Kranz, Lunney, Duke, Schmitt, Low, Faget, Webb

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Before This Decade Is Out... . Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program (NASA SP-4223) by Von Braun, Kranz, Lunney, Duke, Schmitt, Low, Faget, Webb
Author: World Spaceflight News
Publisher:
Total Pages: 226
Release: 2017-08-18
Genre:
ISBN: 9781549534171

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This official NASA history document provides enlightening tales about the Apollo lunar landing program by those who were there: astronauts (Duke and Schmitt), managers and scientists (von Braun, Webb, Paine, Gilruth, Mueller, Low, Faget, Rogers, Guin), and a protocol assistant who accompanied the Apollo 11 on their whirlwind presidential goodwill mission (Barnes). From the foreword by Christopher Kraft: For a project as massive as the Apollo program, history may distance itself to the extent where modern interpretation distills a feeling that such events took place without extensive human involvement. Nothing could be further removed from the truth. Through the verbal accounts offered by the oral histories such as presented in this volume, we are reintroduced to the critical human factor which is the essence of any history. People made Apollo happen and it is important to preserve their thoughts, feelings, and recollections for future generations. The oral histories presented in this volume offer a sample of what NASA has done to preserve the story of Apollo as part of our nation's human spaceflight heritage. The accounts included in this book are a small sampling of the large number of oral histories that have been conducted under the auspices of the NASA history program, since near the beginning of the Agency. They also represent the many personal contributions made during Project Apollo, the single largest peacetime endeavor in American history. These recollections span the origins, management, and completion of that enormous effort and measurably enhance our appreciation of its difficulty. I am pleased that the comments of some of the key individuals involved in Project Apollo are being preserved by NASA and made available through this book. The people who are quoted in this book were among the top leaders of NASA. All of them played a prominent part in the conduct and accomplishments of Apollo. As one of those who knew and watched these individuals lead, I have a particular sense of their statements. I always had the feeling of having been granted a special privilege to participate and work on the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. The contents of this book reveal that these people had similar experiences. They all recognized that it took literally thousands of dedicated people to bring these efforts to fruition and that it was up to them to provide the necessary leadership to allow all of the workers on the project to accomplish their tasks. It was a wondrous thing to watch. Anyone interested in the underlying strength of NASA in this time period will find these accounts a fascinating read.

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Project Apollo

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Project Apollo
Author: World Spaceflight News
Publisher:
Total Pages: 222
Release: 2018-01-06
Genre:
ISBN: 9781976820663

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These official NASA history documents provide unique accounts of the Apollo lunar landing program from the NASA decision makers and leaders of the era: Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Howard Tindall, George Mueller, Owen Morris, Maxime Faget, Robert Gilruth, and Christopher Kraft. The first document is a history of the Apollo era by Robert Seamans entitled PROJECT APOLLO: The Tough Decisions. The second document, Managing the Moon Program: Lessons Learned From Project Apollo, reproduces the proceedings of an oral history workshop conducted in 1989 by noted space historian John Logsdon. Seamans book: The foreword notes, "Robert C. Seamans, Jr., has written a uniquely comprehensive report of the Apollo Manned Lunar Landing Program. It goes well beyond the normal reporting that we have seen of the events leading to and results achieved in that major national space program. Bob Seamans has relied on his very personal involvement, responsibility, and experience during his long tenure in the top leadership of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), first as an Associate Administrator and then as the Agency's Deputy Administrator, from less than two years after NASA was formed until January 1968, to present a detailed timeline of the key elements of NASA's extensive analyses, decisions, activities, capabilities, and responsibilities that led to the creation of the program and its outstanding success. In fact, this manuscript presents the most detailed and specific assembly of personal and archival records to identify the comments, events, meetings, decisions, and actions taken in the initiation and conduct of the program. This detailed report demonstrates NASA's broad capabilities and, despite his unassuming presentation, also shows Bob Seamans's strong contributions. Both of those demonstrated characteristics have always been clear to all of us who worked in NASA. The report reviews the major Mercury and then Gemini precursors for the Apollo mission program and its development and mission sequence. But, very importantly, it describes the major and often complex deliberations that encouraged inputs from the broad range of informed internal Agency individuals in order to arrive at the resulting actions taken; it recognizes differences among their various views, including even sensitivities within the leadership of the Agency, and it acknowledges NASA's relationships with the President and key executive branch personnel, as well as the very important and often complex relationships with members of Congress." Logsdon book: "While there have been many studies recounting the history of Apollo, at the time of the 30th anniversary of the first lunar landing by Apollo 11, it seems appropriate to revisit the process of large-scale technological management as it related to the lunar mission. Consequently, the NASA History Office has chosen to publish this monograph containing the recollections of key participants in the management process. The collective oral history presented here was recorded in 1989 at the Johnson Space Center's Gilruth Recreation Center in Houston, Texas. It includes the recollections of key participants in Apollo's administration, addressing issues such as communication between field centers, the prioritization of technological goals, and the delegation of responsibility."

Moon Shot

Moon Shot
Author: Alan Shepard
Publisher: Open Road Media
Total Pages: 476
Release: 2011-05-03
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1453211926

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New York Times bestseller for fans of First Man: A “breathtaking” insider history of NASA’s space program—from astronauts Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton (Entertainment Weekly). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, and the space race was born. Desperate to beat the Russians into space, NASA put together a crew of the nation’s most daring test pilots: the seven men who were to lead America to the moon. The first into space was Alan Shepard; the last was Deke Slayton, whose irregular heartbeat kept him grounded until 1975. They spent the 1960s at the forefront of NASA’s effort to conquer space, and Moon Shot is their inside account of what many call the twentieth century’s greatest feat—landing humans on another world. Collaborating with NBC’s veteran space reporter Jay Barbree, Shepard and Slayton narrate in gripping detail the story of America’s space exploration from the time of Shepard’s first flight until he and eleven others had walked on the moon.

The Apollo 11 Moon Landing

The Apollo 11 Moon Landing
Author: Sylvia Engdahl
Publisher: Greenhaven Publishing LLC
Total Pages: 221
Release: 2011-07-22
Genre: Young Adult Nonfiction
ISBN: 0737761067

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Since humankind first set eyes on the glowing orb in the night sky, we have been fascinated by the moon. This handy volume gives readers a background on the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, through a variety of essays representing various perspectives. Readers are then introduced to several controversies surrounding the landing, including whether it was a waste of effort, enthusiasm, or money. From this enriched international understanding, readers are then treated to first-hand accounts, which will transport their imagination back through time, and allow them to form lasting, intelligent opinions. Essay sources include the Associated Press, the London Times, Margaret Mead, Jean-Jacques Dordain, and NASA.

An Annotated Bibliography of the Apollo Program

An Annotated Bibliography of the Apollo Program
Author: Roger D. Launius
Publisher: DigiCat
Total Pages: 147
Release: 2022-08-10
Genre: History
ISBN:

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During and since the completion of the Apollo 11 landing twenty-five years ago numerous books, studies, reports, and articles have been written about the project. This selective, annotated bibliography discusses primarily those works judged to be most essential for researchers seeking to learn more about the Apollo program's varied history. A thematic arrangement of material concerning the project will, it is hoped, bring clarity and simplicity to such a complex subject. An index concludes this work.

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Managers Explain What Made Apollo a Success, The First Lunar Landing as Told by the Astronauts, Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) Historical Perspective

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program - Managers Explain What Made Apollo a Success, The First Lunar Landing as Told by the Astronauts, Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) Historical Perspective
Author: World Spaceflight News
Publisher:
Total Pages: 136
Release: 2018-01-05
Genre:
ISBN: 9781976811975

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These official NASA history documents provide unique accounts of the Apollo lunar landing program. The first document, What Made Apollo A Success? (NASA SP-287) describes three of the basic ingredients of the success of Apollo: spacecraft hardware that is most reliable, flight missions that are extremely well planned and executed, and flight crews that are superbly trained and skilled. Contents: Introduction by George M. Low; Design Principles Stressing Simplicity by Kenneth S. Kleinknecht; Testing To Ensure Mission Success by Scott H. Simpkinson; Apollo Crew Procedures, Simulation, And Flight Planning by Warren J. North And C. H. Woodling; Flight Control In The Apollo Program by Eugene F. Kranz And James Otis Covington; Action On Mission Evaluation And Flight Anomalies by Donald D. Arabian; Techniques Of Controlling The Trajectory by Howard W. Tindall, Jr.; Flexible Yet Disciplined Mission Planning by C. C. Kraft, Jr., J. P. Mayer, C. R. Huss, And R. P. Parten. The introduction states: We will limit ourselves to those tasks that were the direct responsibility of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center: spacecraft development, mission design and mission planning, flight crew operations, and flight operations. We will describe spacecraft design principles, the all-important spacecraft test activities, and the discipline that evolved in the control of spacecraft changes and the closeout of spacecraft anomalies; and we will discuss how we determined the best series of flights to lead to a lunar landing at the earliest possible time, how these flights were planned in detail, the techniques used in establishing flight procedures and carrying out flight operations, and, finally, crew training and simulation activities - the activities that led to a perfect flight execution by the astronauts. The First Lunar Landing As Told By The Astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins in a Post-flight Press Conference, the second document in this ebook compilation, is a transcript of the Apollo 11 conference. It's a description of man's historic first trip to another celestial body by the men who made the journey. Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, began the first-hand report to the world of the epic voyage of Eagle and Columbia to the Moon and back to Earth. After 24 hours in lunar orbit Armstrong and Aldrin separated Eagle from Columbia, to prepare for descent to the lunar surface. On July 20 at 4:18 p.m. EDT, the Lunar Module touched down on the Moon at Tranquility Base. Armstrong reported "The Eagle Has Landed." And at 10:56 p.m., Armstrong, descending from Eagle's ladder and touching one foot to the Moon's surface, announced: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin soon joined Armstrong. Before a live television camera which they set up on the surface, they performed their assigned tasks. The third and final document, The Lunar Roving Vehicle - Historical Perspective, is a detailed examination of the success of the moon rover by an engineer at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. The purpose of this paper is to raise the consciousness level of the current space exploration planners to what, in the early 1970s, was a highly successful roving vehicle. During the Apollo program, the vehicle known as the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was designed for carrying two astronauts, their tools, and the equipment needed for rudimentary exploration of the Moon. This paper contains a discussion of the vehicle, its characteristics, and its use on the Moon. Conceivably, the LRV has the potential to meet some future requirements, either with relatively low cost modifications or via an evolutionary route. This aspect, however, is left to those who would choose to further study these options.

Walking on the Moon

Walking on the Moon
Author: Carl R. Green
Publisher: Enslow Publishing, LLC
Total Pages: 50
Release: 2012-07-01
Genre: Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN: 0766040763

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"Explores the Apollo 11 mission, including the beginning of the Apollo program, the astronauts who made the journey to the moon, the technology that made it possible, and the historic moon landing"--Provided by publisher.

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program

Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program
Author: World Spaceflight News
Publisher:
Total Pages: 275
Release: 2018-04-05
Genre:
ISBN: 9781980754930

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This official NASA history document is an extraordinary review of the planning and problem solving involved in the lunar surface operations of the Apollo program. It chronicles the tug-of-war between scientists and program officials over experiments, missions, landing sites, and crew selection. The preface states: "The purpose of this book is only partly to record the engineering and scientific accomplishments of the men and women who made it possible for a human to step away from his home planet for the first time. It is primarily an attempt to show how scientists interested in the moon and engineers interested in landing people on the moon worked out their differences and conducted a program that was a major contribution to science as well as a stunning engineering accomplishment. When scientific requirements began to be imposed on manned space flight operations, hardly any aspect was unaffected. The choice of landing sites, the amount of scientific equipment that could be carried, and the weight of lunar material that could be brought back all depended on the capabilities of the spacecraft and mission operations. These considerations limited the earliest missions and constituted the challenge of the later ones. President John F. Kennedy's decision to build the United States' space program around a manned lunar landing owed nothing to any scientific interest in the moon. The primary dividend was to be national prestige, which had suffered from the Soviet Union's early accomplishments in space. A second, equally important result of a manned lunar landing would be the creation of a national capability to operate in space for purposes that might not be foreseeable. Finally, Kennedy felt the need for the country to set aside "business as usual" and commit itself with dedication and discipline to a goal that was both difficult and worthwhile. Kennedy had the assurance of those in the best position to know that it was technologically possible to put a human on the moon within the decade. His political advisers, while stressing the many benefits (including science) that would accrue from a strong space program, recognized at once that humans were the key. If the Soviets sent men and women to the moon, no American robot, however sophisticated or important, would produce an equal impact on the world's consciousness. Hence America's leadership in space would be asserted by landing humans on the moon." Contents of the fourteen chapters include: America Starts for the Moon: 1957-1963 * Linking Science to Manned Space Flight * Apollo's Lunar Exploration Plans * Handling Samples from the Moon * Selecting and Training the Crews * Mission and Science Planning * Setback and Recovery: 1967 * Final Preparations: 1968 * Primary Mission Accomplished * Lunar Exploration Begins * First Phase of Lunar Exploration Completed: 1969-1970 * Apollo Assumes Its Final Form: 1970-1971 * Lunar Exploration Concluded * Project Apollo: The Conclusion. Other material includes: Chronology Of Major Events In Manned Space Flight And In Project Apollo, 1957-1975 * Crew Training and Simulations * The Flight of Apollo 13.