Analysis of the Ultra-peripheral Events in Heavy-ion Collisions in the CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider

Analysis of the Ultra-peripheral Events in Heavy-ion Collisions in the CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider
Author: Marek Walczak (fizyka)
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:

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Dotyczy: nuclear parton distribution functions, photoproduction, QCD, heavy-ion collisions, CMS, ultra-peripheral collisions, jądrowe rozkłady partonów, fotoprodukcja, QCD, zderzenie ciężkich jonów, CMS, zderzenia ultraperyferyczne.

Phenomenology of Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions

Phenomenology of Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions
Author:
Publisher: World Scientific
Total Pages: 437
Release: 2010
Genre: Heavy ion collisions
ISBN: 9814280682

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An introduction to the main ideas used in the physics of ultra-realistic heavy-ion collisions, this book covers topics such as hot and dense matter and the formation of the quark-gluon plasma in present and future heavy-ion experiments

Electron Reconstruction in Simulated Pb+Pb Events in CMS

Electron Reconstruction in Simulated Pb+Pb Events in CMS
Author: Yi Chen (S.B.)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 34
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

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Introduction: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at Geneva, Switzerland, will be the biggest particle accelerator in the world. There are a number of detectors on the LHC ring. The LHCb detector is aimed to study bottom quark physics, which will allow a measurement of the parameters of CP violation in bottom quark productions. The ALICE experiment is specialized in Pb+Pb heavy ion collisions. The ATLAS [3] detector is a general purpose detector, and it will be conducting p+p collision experiments. In addition, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is currently being commissioned. It will start taking data from as early as late 2008. The detector will be excel in muon detection, but it is also a general purpose detector for p+p and Pb+Pb collsions. The CMS experiment opens up a new window into physics at a unprecedented energy. With the new energy range, a lot of exciting new physics can be examined. The search for the HIGGS boson, which arises from scalar field and is postulated to account for the mass of vector bosons, is one of the main goals of the experiment. The energy range of the LHC is well matched for either confirming its existence or ruling it out. The LHC experiments also want to research on super-symmetry, which potentially explains a lot of open questions for physics beyond the standard model. Although the CMS detector will devote most of its time running proton-proton collisions, one month of each year it will be running lead-lead collisions at center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV. Through heavy ion collisions more about the properties of the quark-gluon plasma can be studied, like the viscosity or opacity. In preparation for further studies to the lead-lead collisions, it is interesting to test the basic detector capabilities by studying basic particle reconstruction capabilities. Reconstruction of prompt photon in the heavy ion background has been studied by the MIT heavy ion group last summer, and it leads to the main goal of this thesis. Electrons are one of the main background of the photons, and certainly an important particle type that future studies might need. Inside the CMS detector there will be a roughly constant magnetic field 4.0 Tesla maintained by a superconducting magnet, which allows good measurement of the particle momentum. A slice of the detector is shown in Figure 1. The detector consists of several parts, from inside to outside there are silicon trackers, electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), hadronic calorimeter (HCAL), and finally the muon chambers. The tracker is specialized of measuring the momentum of charged particles. The particles will leave a trace on the tracker as they fly through the detector. One important feature about the readout of the tracker is that the output is not binary. Instead, it has an multiple-bit ADC value which allows for better measurement of the direction and better identification of the particle that passes through the tracker. This makes the tracker good for heavy ion events. The electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters measure energies of different types of particles. Particles such as electrons and photons will deposit most of its energy into the electromagnetic calorimeters, whereas hadrons dump most of their energy into the hadronic calorimeter. The measurement of missing energy in hadronic calorimeter also provides signature of new particles. This study will be focused on the reconstruction of electrons in heavy ion back ground. The reconstructed electrons are then used to show that the reconstruction of the invariant mass of Z0 boson in heavy ion background is possible. The expected number for various particles is listed in section 2. In section 3 the simulated samples used for the study. In the following two sections the reconstruction procedure and the reconstruction properties for electrons. In section 6 the background sources to electrons and the reconstruction of Zo are discussed. Last but not least, additional cuts used for Z0 reconstruction and the results are written in section 7.

Strange and Non-Strange D-meson Production in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb Collisions with ALICE at the LHC

Strange and Non-Strange D-meson Production in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb Collisions with ALICE at the LHC
Author: Fabrizio Grosa
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 227
Release: 2021-04-17
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030711315

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This thesis provides a comprehensive view of the physics of charmed hadrons in high-energy proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions. Given their large masses, charm quarks are produced in the early stage of a heavy-ion collision and they subsequently experience the full system evolution probing the colour-deconfined medium called quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in such collisions. In this thesis, the mechanisms of charm-quark in-medium energy loss and hadronisation are discussed via the measurements of the production of charm mesons with (Ds+) and without (D+) strange-quark content in different colliding systems, using data collected by the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The participation of the charm quark and its possible thermalisation in the QGP are studied via measurements of azimuthal anisotropies in the production of D+ mesons. Finally, the prospects for future measurements with the upgraded ALICE experimental apparatus and with more refined machine learning techniques are presented.

Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
Author: Ramona Vogt
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 489
Release: 2007-06-04
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0080525369

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This book is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in high energy heavy-ion physics. It is relevant for students who will work on topics being explored at RHIC and the LHC. In the first part, the basic principles of these studies are covered including kinematics, cross sections (including the quark model and parton distribution functions), the geometry of nuclear collisions, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics and relevant aspects of lattice gauge theory at finite temperature. The second part covers some more specific probes of heavy-ion collisions at these energies: high mass thermal dileptons, quarkonium and hadronization. The second part also serves as extended examples of concepts learned in the previous part. Both parts contain examples in the text as well as exercises at the end of each chapter. - Designed for students and newcomers to the field- Focuses on hard probes and QCD- Covers all aspects of high energy heavy-ion physics- Includes worked example problems and exercises

An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science

An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 153
Release: 2018-10-13
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309478561

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Understanding of protons and neutrons, or "nucleons"â€"the building blocks of atomic nucleiâ€"has advanced dramatically, both theoretically and experimentally, in the past half century. A central goal of modern nuclear physics is to understand the structure of the proton and neutron directly from the dynamics of their quarks and gluons governed by the theory of their interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and how nuclear interactions between protons and neutrons emerge from these dynamics. With deeper understanding of the quark-gluon structure of matter, scientists are poised to reach a deeper picture of these building blocks, and atomic nuclei themselves, as collective many-body systems with new emergent behavior. The development of a U.S. domestic electron-ion collider (EIC) facility has the potential to answer questions that are central to completing an understanding of atoms and integral to the agenda of nuclear physics today. This study assesses the merits and significance of the science that could be addressed by an EIC, and its importance to nuclear physics in particular and to the physical sciences in general. It evaluates the significance of the science that would be enabled by the construction of an EIC, its benefits to U.S. leadership in nuclear physics, and the benefits to other fields of science of a U.S.-based EIC.

Experimental Methods to Measure Standard Model Backgrounds to New Physics Searches Using the CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider

Experimental Methods to Measure Standard Model Backgrounds to New Physics Searches Using the CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider
Author: James Michael Lamb
Publisher:
Total Pages: 324
Release: 2009
Genre:
ISBN: 9781109367621

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The Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland will produce proton-proton collisions of higher energy than ever before achieved an a laboratory. This thesis describes some of the experimental aspects of hadron collider physics, including the construction of the CMS detector which used to observe the collisions, and the interpretation of measurement results in light of challenging backgrounds. The focus of this this document is the development of a method to use high energy photon events in collider data to estimate the invisible Z background to a search for supersymmetric particles in the MET plus jets topology. A detailed study of the mechanisms by which quark and gluon scattering events can produce the signatures of electrons is presented. The process of the construction of the outer barrel of the silicon charged-particle tracker of CMS is described.

Introduction to High-energy Heavy-ion Collisions

Introduction to High-energy Heavy-ion Collisions
Author: Cheuk-Yin Wong
Publisher: World Scientific
Total Pages: 542
Release: 1994
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9789810202637

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Written primarily for researchers and graduate students who are new in this emerging field, this book develops the necessary tools so that readers can follow the latest advances in this subject. Readers are first guided to examine the basic informations on nucleon-nucleon collisions and the use of the nucleus as an arena to study the interaction of one nucleon with another. A good survey of the relation between nucleon-nucleon and nucleus-nucleus collisions provides the proper comparison to study phenomena involving the more exotic quark-gluon plasma. Properties of the quark-gluon plasma and signatures for its detection are discussed to aid future searches and exploration for this exotic matter. Recent experimental findings are summarised.