An Automated Approach for the Determination of the Seismic Moment Tensor in Mining Environments

An Automated Approach for the Determination of the Seismic Moment Tensor in Mining Environments
Author: Lawrence R. Wamboldt
Publisher:
Total Pages: 374
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:

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A study was undertaken to evaluate an automated process to invert for seismic moment tensors from seismic data recorded in mining environments. The data for this study was recorded at Nickel Rim South mine, Sudbury, Ontario. The mine has a seismic monitoring system manufactured by ESG Solutions that performs continuous monitoring of seismicity. On average, approximately 400 seismic events are recorded each day. Currently, data are automatically processed by ESG Solution's software suite during acquisition. The automatic processors pick the P- and/or S-wave arrivals, locate the events and solve for certain source parameters, excluding the seismic moment tensor. In order to solve for the moment tensor, data must be manually processed, which is laborious and therefore seldom performed. This research evaluates an automatic seismic moment tensor inversion method and demonstrates some of the difficulties (through inversions of real and synthetic seismic data) of the inversion process. Results using the method are also compared to the inversion method currently available from ESG Solutions, which requires the manual picking of first-motion polarities for every event. As a result of the extensive synthetic testing of the automatic inversion program, as well as the inversion of real seismic data, it is apparent that there are key parameters requiring greater accuracy in order to increase the reliability of the automation. These parameters include the source time function definition, source location (in turn requiring more accurate and precise knowledge of the earth media), arrival time picks and an attenuation model to account for ray-path dependent filtering of the source time function. In order to improve the automatic method three key pieces of research are needed: (1) studying various location algorithms (and the effects of increasing earth model intricacy) and automatic time picking to improve source location methods, (2) studying how the source time pulse can be accurately extracted from the seismic records, as well as the validity of various source models, and (3) studying how attenuation can be modeled more accurately to account for the filtering of the seismic waves through the earth media (in particular distortion to the source time function).

Development of Automated Moment Tensor Software at the Prototype International Data Center

Development of Automated Moment Tensor Software at the Prototype International Data Center
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 10
Release: 2000
Genre:
ISBN:

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We are porting automatic seismic moment tensor software used by the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory to the Prototype International Data Center (PIDC). This software package utilizes a surface wave spectral amplitude and phase method coupled with a three-component waveform inverse method that is scaleable from teleseismic to regional distances. The objective is to initially develop automatic software for the analysis of Mw5.5 and greater events on a global scale utilizing the International Monitoring System (IMS). For regions of specific interest we will utilize crustal structure calibration information from other DTRA projects to refine capabilities to Mw4.5 and greater. Currently version 0.1 is ported to the PIDC, and several examples of its use are presented. During the course of this project a staged testing program will be employed to refine the software and to provide robust code suitable for operations at the PIDC.

Determination of the Seismic Moment Tensor Using Surface Waves Recorded by the IMS Network

Determination of the Seismic Moment Tensor Using Surface Waves Recorded by the IMS Network
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 8
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

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The Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) has been ramping-up the installation of the International Monitoring System (IMS) consisting of a network of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound, and radionuclide stations, since its inception in March 1997. Data from this network are automatically processed at the International Data Centre (IDC) to produce, within a few hours, a series of automatic bulletins called the Standard Event Lists (SEL1, SEL2, SEL3). After analyst review and correction as necessary the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) is produced. Additional information about characterization of an event as an earthquake or otherwise is also available in the Standard Event Bulletin (SEB) shortly after production of the REB. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) states that the IDC will apply standard event screening criteria to each event formed. The objective of this process is to filter out events that are considered to be consistent with natural or non-nuclear man-made phenomena, leaving a reduced set of events that may require further examination. In Annex 2 of the Protocol to the Treaty, the focal mechanism is listed as possible event screening parameters. In order to provide a focal mechanism and increase the number of elements potentially useful as screening attributes, we have in the last two years implemented two methods for moment tensor (MT) inversion. One method is based on the P body waves and the other on surface waves. Implementation of these sophisticated inversion methods has led to improvements in the calibration of the broad-band seismic network, notably quality control of the instrument responses. We report here on the results obtained from the implementation of the surface-wave MT inversion, which uses both Rayleigh waves and Love waves.

Moment Tensor Solutions

Moment Tensor Solutions
Author: Sebastiano D'Amico
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2018-05-28
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9783319773582

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This book first focuses on the explanation of the theory about focal mechanisms and moment tensor solutions and their role in the modern seismology. The second part of the book compiles several state-of-the-art case studies in different seismotectonic settings of the planet.The assessment of seismic hazard and the reduction of losses due to future earthquakes is probably the most important contribution of seismology to society. In this regard, the understanding of reliable determination seismic source and of its uncertainty can play a key role in contributing to geodynamic investigation, seismic hazard assessment and earthquake studies. In the last two decades, the use of waveforms recorded at local-to-regional distances has increased considerably. Waveform modeling has been used also to estimate faulting parameters of small-to-moderate sized earthquakes.

Advances in Geophysics

Advances in Geophysics
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 192
Release: 2009-11-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0080957005

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The critically acclaimed serialized review journal for over 50 years, Advances in Geophysics is a highly respected publication in the field of geophysics. Since 1952, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. Now in its 51st volume, it contains much material still relevant today--truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of geophysics.

Seismic Monitoring in Mines

Seismic Monitoring in Mines
Author: A.J. Mendecki
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 280
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 940091539X

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Routine seismic monitoring in mines was introduced over 30 years ago with two main objectives in mind: • immediate location of larger seIsmIC events to guide rescue operations; • prediction of large rockmass instabilities. The first objective was achieved fairly quickly, but with the subsequent development of mine communication systems, its strategic importance has diminished. The very limited success with prediction can, at least partially, be attributed to three factors: • seismic monitoring systems based on analogue technology that provided noisy and, frequently, poorly calibrated data of limited dynamic range; • the non-quantitative description of a seismic event by at best its local magnitude; and • the resultant non-quantitative analysis of seismicity, frequently through parameters of some statistical distributions, with a somewhat loose but imaginative physical interpretation. The introduction of modern digital seismic systems to mines and progress in the theory and methods of quantitative seismology have enabled the implementation of realtime seismic monitoring as a management tool, quantifying rockmass response to mining and achieving the first tangible results with prediction. A seismic event, being a sudden inelastic deformation within the rockmass, can now routinely be quantified in terms of seismic moment, its tensor, and radiated seismic energy, so that the overall size of, and stress released at, the seismic source can be estimated.

Inversion of Seismic Source Parameters for Weak Mining-induced and Natural Earthquakes

Inversion of Seismic Source Parameters for Weak Mining-induced and Natural Earthquakes
Author: Ali Tolga S̜en
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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The purpose of this thesis is to develop an automated inversion scheme to derive point and finite source parameters for weak earthquakes, here intended with the unusual meaning of earthquakes with magnitudes at the limit or below the bottom magnitude threshold of standard source inversion routines. The adopted inversion approaches entirely rely on existing inversion software, the methodological work mostly targeting the development and tuning of optimized inversion flows. The resulting inversion scheme is tested for very different datasets, and thus allows the discussion on the source inversion problem at different scales. In the first application, dealing with mining induced seismicity, the source parameters determination is addressed at a local scale, with source-sensor distance of less than 3 km. In this context, weak seismicity corresponds to event below magnitude MW 2.0, which are rarely target of automated source inversion routines. The second application considers a regional dataset, namely the aftershock sequence of the 2010 Maule earthquake (Chile), using broadband stations at regional distances, below 300 km. In this case, the magnitude range of the target aftershocks range down to MW 4.0. This dataset is here considered as a weak seismicity case, since the analysis of such moderate seismicity is generally investigated only by moment tensor inversion routines, with no attempt to resolve source duration or finite source parameters. In this work, automated multi-step inversion schemes are applied to both datasets with the aim of resolving point source parameters, both using double couple (DC) and full moment tensor (MT) models, source duration and finite source parameters. A major result of the analysis of weaker events is the increased size of resulting moment tensor catalogues, which interpretation may become not trivial. For this reason, a novel focal mechanism clustering approach is used to automatically classify focal mechanisms, allowing the investigation of the most relevant and repetitive rupture features. The inversion of the mining induced seismicity dataset reveals the repetitive occurrence of similar rupture processes, where the source geometry is controlled by the shape of the mined panel. Moreover, moment tensor solutions indicate a significant contribution of tensile processes. Also the second application highlights some characteristic geometrical features of the fault planes, which show a general consistency with the orientation of the slab. The additional inversion for source duration allowed to verify the empirical correlation for moment normalized earthquakes in subduction zones among a decreasing rupture duration with increasing source depth, which was so far only observed for larger events.

Seismic Moment Tensor Report for the 06 Aug 2007, M3.9 Seismic Event in Central Utah

Seismic Moment Tensor Report for the 06 Aug 2007, M3.9 Seismic Event in Central Utah
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 12
Release: 2007
Genre:
ISBN:

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We have performed a complete moment tensor analysis (Minson and Dreger, 2007) of the seismic event, which occurred on Monday August 6, 2007 at 08:48:40 UTC, 21 km from Mount Pleasant, Utah. The purpose of this report is to present our scientific results, making them available to other researchers working on seismic source determination problems, and source type identification. In our analysis we used complete, three-component seismic records recorded by stations operated by the USGS, the University of Utah and EarthScope. The results of our analysis show that most of the seismic wave energy is consistent with an underground collapse, however the cause of the mine collapse is still unknown.

Spectral Analysis and Moment Tensor Inversion of Seismic Events Induced in Polish Coal Mines: Search for Non-Shearing Components

Spectral Analysis and Moment Tensor Inversion of Seismic Events Induced in Polish Coal Mines: Search for Non-Shearing Components
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 230
Release: 1994
Genre:
ISBN:

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The investigations conducted under this contract are focused on a research for non-shearing components of the source mechanism of seismic events induced in Polish coal mines. Such seismic events are expected to occur in close vicinity to the mining faces, where favorable conditions for generation of tensile failures or shear failures with tensile components are present. Simultaneous application of spectral analysis of seismic waves and moment tensor inversion was used to study this problem. The ratio of P-wave to S-wave energy radiated from mine tremors is in many cases anomalously large, implying that non-shear failures are often generated by mining excavations. We expected to show that the high P-wave energy tremors are generated by the sources with prominent non-double-couple components, as estimated from the moment tensor solutions.