This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1922 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER IX THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENT ' A TRADE-UNION," according to one authorjfj ity, "is a continuous association of wageearners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment." l A trade-union although usually including benevolent and fraternal features is something more than a mere fraternal order which might easily be a continuous association of wage-earners. The purpose of maintaining or improving conditions of employment involves means and ends and a more or less fixed policy which makes an organization a trade-union. Trade-unionism involves collective bargaining as over against individual bargaining for wages and conditions of employment and the use of the strike as a weapon of last resort in enforcing demands. A number of American tradeunions began as mutual benevolent and fraternal societies and have become under economic pressure regular labor organizations. A similar development is now going on in a number of organizations resembling in some respects trade-unions, and it is the purpose of this chapter to show by the study of concrete instances the trend of this development. i Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, History of Trade Unionism. 1902, p. 1. The dividing line between fraternal or beneficiary organizations and trade-unions seems to lie in the matter of collective bargaining and in the attitude towards strikes. The National Association of Stationary Engineers, for example, which was organized in 1882, lays stress upon educational and beneficiary features and declares that " this association shall at no time be used for the furtherance of strikes, or for the purpose of interfering in any way between its members and their employers as to wages." 1 Strikes, moreover, it is urged, are unnecessary...