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| Author | : United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Traffic Operations |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 1981 |
| Genre | : Road markings |
| ISBN | : |
An analysis of the cost and durability of pavement markings which include traffic paint, polyester paint, thermoplastic, epoxy and preformed plastic.
| Author | : Yi Jiang |
| Publisher | : Purdue University Press |
| Total Pages | : 64 |
| Release | : 2007-05-01 |
| Genre | : Transportation |
| ISBN | : 9781622601196 |
Waterborne paints are used to paint pavement markings (edgelines and centerlines) to provide guidance for motorists. The painted markings need to be repainted periodically as their retro-reflectivity deteriorates. The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) repaints pavement markings at least annually. INDOT engineers would like to determine the feasibility of extending the time intervals of repainting pavement markings on at least some types of roadways. The purpose of this synthesis study is to accomplish the following: (1) to locate and assemble documented information on pavement marking durability; (2) to learn what criteria have been used in other states in measuring retro-reflectivity and scheduling pavement marking painting; (3) to determine the necessity of conducting full scale study on INDOT pavement markings; (4) to identify the type and cost of equipment required for retro-reflectivity measurements and conditions of operation of the equipment; (5) to organize, evaluate, and document the useful information that is acquired; and (6) to provide recommendations based on the evaluated information. This report presents the findings of the synthesis study on various pavement marking materials. It was found in this study that many state highway agencies have evaluated several types of pavement marking materials. The evaluation results include performance, cost, service life, and retro-reflectivity measuring equipment of marking materials. However, the results could vary from different sates. The information gathered through this study will provide INDOT engineers the state-of-practice of pavement marking materials in this country.
| Author | : Benjamin H. Cottrell |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 38 |
| Release | : 2001 |
| Genre | : Road markings |
| ISBN | : |
The purpose of this research was to determine the safety, motorist opinion, and cost-effectiveness of pavement marking materials used by the Virginia Department of Transportation and to develop guidelines, where possible, as to when each type of material should be used. Interstate and primary road segments that had been remarked with a different type of pavement marking material were identified to perform a before-and-after accident analysis. When possible, segments that were remarked using the same pavement marking material were included to provide comparison sections. The number of sites and accident count data were insufficient to support a finding that the use of a particular pavement marking material reduces the number of target accidents. The results of a motorist survey indicated that the participating drivers were more satisfied with pavement markings with higher retroreflectivity values than those with lower values. Participating drivers over the age of 65 were generally less satisfied with the brightness of the pavement markings than were participating drivers under the age of 65. Using a large contract for paint was the most cost-effective for two-lane roads under most volume conditions and four- and six-lane low-volume roads. Using polyurea and a large contract for paint were the most cost-effective for high-volume two- and four-lane roads. Polyurea and waffle tape were the more cost-effective durable markings for high-volume six-lane roads. Changes in the use of pavement markings were recommended. Specifically, the Virginia Department of Transportation should (1) consider increasing the use of large paint contracts and minimizing its use of small paint contracts when possible; (2) consider a performance-based specification for durable markings; (3) continue consideration of a holistic approach for pavement management and markings, and (4) re-evaluate its pavement marking policy and include the recommendations of this study.
| Author | : Eli Cuelho |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 38 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Road markings |
| ISBN | : |
The objective of this study is to provide the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) with information that will be useful in selecting cost effective pavement marking systems. This report begins with a description of available pavement marking technologies, including a discussion of performance parameters of importance and the advantages and disadvantages offered by the various technologies. A review of some of the pertinent studies completed by other states (Pennsylvania, Kansas, Minnesota, Virginia, Wyoming, North Dakota, and Idaho) on their pavement marking programs is subsequently presented. Based on the summary of the states included in this study, pavement markings such as conventional paints are viable in areas where pavement markings do not experience high levels of wear due to traffic or winter maintenance activities. In areas where more durability is required, such as intersections, highways in snowy areas, etc., durable products like epoxy paints or thermoplastics are justified. Since the MDT is able to procure epoxy paint markings for a very reasonable cost, greater use of this durable pavement marking is certainly justified, especially considering the level of wear Montana state highways experience from snowplowing and sanding. MDT investigation of the use of mid-durable paints is warranted due to increased durability and lower cost of these products. In spite of their high cost, extruded thermoplastics and preformed tapes are still viable in areas of high wear, such as intersections and urban streets, according to the results of the studies reviewed in this report.
| Author | : James Migletz |
| Publisher | : Transportation Research Board |
| Total Pages | : 165 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Road markings |
| ISBN | : 0309069246 |
TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 306: Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices documents the current and best practices for managing pavement marking systems, identifies future needs, and addresses driver needs and methods of communicating information to drivers, selection criteria (e.g., reflectivity, pavement service life, wet weather performance), materials (e.g., color, durability, cost), specifications, construction practices, inventory management systems, and more.
| Author | : Anthony L. Andrady |
| Publisher | : Transportation Research Board |
| Total Pages | : 72 |
| Release | : 1997 |
| Genre | : Bridges |
| ISBN | : 9780309060646 |
| Author | : Michael D. Fontaine |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 70 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Road markings |
| ISBN | : |
The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) currently uses snowplowable raised pavement markers (SRPMs) to supplement longitudinal pavement markings on some facilities. SRPMs are much more visible than traditional longitudinal markings under wet, nighttime conditions. SRPMs have been reported to dislodge from pavement, however, which has raised the question as to whether alternative marking materials might be able to replace SRPMs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the visibility performance of longitudinal pavement marking materials currently on the market. The specific objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether or not new pavement marking materials could be used in place of SRPMs; (2) if SRPMs were to be used, to develop guidelines for their installation and maintenance; and (3) to determine the costs and benefits of using SRPMs to the maximum extent possible. No new data on the visibility or durability of pavement marking materials were collected for this study. The study primarily synthesized existing research on the characteristics of different marking materials and then applied information derived from the synthesis to Virginia-specific data to estimate the impacts of using different materials. National practices for installing, inspecting, and maintaining SRPMs were also reviewed. The results of the literature review indicated that SRPMs remain the only marking system that provides sufficient nighttime preview time at high speeds, especially under wet conditions. Further, SRPMs can improve safety in certain situations, but they can also degrade safety in other situations since drivers may travel at higher speeds when the distance they can see down the road at night increases. Proposed guidelines for the installation and maintenance of SRPMs were developed. They recommend that SRPMs be installed on all limited access freeways, on all two-lane roads with an average daily traffic volume above 15,000 vehicles per day, and on all roads with a posted speed limit of 60 mph or greater. Several other situations where SRPMs might be installed based on engineering judgment were also identified. A proposed maintenance schedule that requires inspections every 2 to 3 years was also developed. A conservative economic analysis indicated that the benefits of installing and maintaining SRPMs using the guidelines developed in this study outweighed the costs by more than 80 to 1, based purely on potential safety improvements on road geometries where SRPMs have been shown to improve safety. Further, VDOT can realize cost savings by discontinuing SRPM usage on low-volume facilities and by revising particular SRPM standards.
| Author | : Gary B. Thomas |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 54 |
| Release | : 2001 |
| Genre | : Road markings |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 50 |
| Release | : 1995 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This study was undertaken to evaluate potential alternative marking materials for use on airport pavement marking systems. The materials were evaluated for conspicuity, durability, rubber buildup, color retention, friction, environmental acceptability, and cost benefits. In all, five materials (two water-borne, two epoxies, and one methacrylic resin) were evaluated at three test airports around the country for a period of one year. The three test airports, chosen for their different climatic conditions, were Atlantic City, Greater Pittsburgh, and Phoenix Sky Harbor International airports. Epoxies and resins were more durable than water-borne paints in areas subject to heavy snowfall and snowplow activity, particularly when applied to Portland cement concrete surfaces. The epoxies tested, however, did show signs of yellowing after extensive ultraviolet exposure. It was also determined that the addition of silica and/or glass beads improved the conspicuity of the markings, improved friction, and minimized rubber adherence. The cost-benefit analysis showed that more durable materials and the addition of silica and/or beads does increase the initial cost of marking the airport surfaces but could reduce the number of painting cycles on many portions of the airport from several times per year to once every several years.
| Author | : Kenneth R. Agent |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 30 |
| Release | : 1987 |
| Genre | : Reflectors (Safety devices) |
| ISBN | : |
The objectives of this study were to evaluate available foil-back and removable tapes as well as construction-zone raised pavement markers and to recommend materials that should be included on approved lists for use by the Kentucky Department of Highways. Tapes and markers were placed on transverse test sections and the reflectivity, durability, and appearance were observed. Tapes to be included on the approved lists for foil-back and removable tapes were recommended. Tapes manufactured by 3M, Flex-O-Lite, Cataphote, and Swarolite were included on the list of acceptable foil-back tapes. Recommended removable tapes were the 3M and Cataphote removable tapes. Stimsonite 66 and Flex-O-Lite construction-zone markers were included on the approved list for construction-zone raised pavement markers. More specific guidelines were developed to use in future evaluations of construction-zone preformed tape and markers.
