A study of plithogenic graphs: applications in spreading coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally

A study of plithogenic graphs: applications in spreading coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally
Author: Fazeelat Sultana
Publisher: Infinite Study
Total Pages: 21
Release: 2023-01-01
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN:

Download A study of plithogenic graphs: applications in spreading coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

During the last two decades, the world has experienced three major outbreaks of Coronaviruses, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 caused the disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its discovery for the first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the disease has spread very fast, and cases have been reported in more than 200 countries/territories. In this study, the idea of Smarandache’s pathogenic set is used to discuss the novel COVID-19 spread. We first introduced plithogenic graphs and their subclass, like plithogenic fuzzy graphs. We also established certain binary operations like union, join, Cartesian product, and composition of pathogenic fuzzy graphs, which are helpful when we discuss combining two different graphs. In the end, we investigate the spreading trend of COVID-19 by applying the pathogenic fuzzy graphs. We observe that COVID-19 is much dangerous than (MERS-CoV) and (SARS-CoV). Moreover, as the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks were controlled, there are greater chances to overcome the current pandemic of COVID-19 too. Our model suggests that all the countries should stop all types of traveling/movement across the borders and internally too to control the spread of COVID-19. The proposed model also predicts that in case precautionary measures have not been taken then there is a chance of severe outbreak in future.

Introduction to Symbolic 2-Plithogenic Probability Theory

Introduction to Symbolic 2-Plithogenic Probability Theory
Author: Mohamed Bisher Zeina
Publisher: Infinite Study
Total Pages: 13
Release: 2023-01-01
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN:

Download Introduction to Symbolic 2-Plithogenic Probability Theory Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

In this paper we present for the first time the concept of symbolic plithogenic random variables and study its properties including expected value and variance. We build the plithogenic formal form of two important distributions that are exponential and uniform distributions. We find its probability density function and cumulative distribution function in its plithogenic form. We also derived its expected values and variance and the formulas of its random numbers generating. We finally present the fundamental form of plithogenic probability density and cumulative distribution functions. All the theorems were proved depending on algebraic approach using isomorphisms. This paper can be considered the base of symbolic plithogenic probability theory.

Applications of Mathematics of Uncertainty

Applications of Mathematics of Uncertainty
Author: John N. Mordeson
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 307
Release: 2021-11-17
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3030869962

Download Applications of Mathematics of Uncertainty Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

This book provides an examination of major problems facing the world using mathematics of uncertainty. These problems include climate change, coronavirus pandemic, human tracking, biodiversity, and other grand challenges. Mathematics of uncertainty is used in a modern more general sense than traditional mathematics. Since accurate data is impossible to obtain concerning human tracking and other global problems, mathematics of uncertainty is an ideal discipline to study these problems. The authors place several scientific studies into different mathematical settings such as nonstandard analysis and soft logic. Fuzzy differentiation is used to model the spread of diseases such as the coronavirus. The book uses fuzzy graph theory to examine the problems of human tracking and illegal immigration. The book is an excellent reference source for advanced under-graduate and graduate students in mathematics and the social sciences as well as for researchers and teachers.

Plithogenic Soft Set

Plithogenic Soft Set
Author: Shawkat Alkhazaleh
Publisher: Infinite Study
Total Pages: 19
Release: 2020-03-03
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN:

Download Plithogenic Soft Set Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

In 1995, Smarandache initiated the theory of neutrosophic set as new mathematical tool for handling problems involving imprecise, indeterminacy, and inconsistent data. Molodtsov initiated the theory of soft set as a new mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties, which traditional mathematical tools cannot handle. He has showed several applications of this theory for solving many practical problems in economics, engineering, social science, medical science, etc.

Plithogeny, Plithogenic Set, Logic, Probability, and Statistics

Plithogeny, Plithogenic Set, Logic, Probability, and Statistics
Author: Florentin Smarandache
Publisher: Infinite Study
Total Pages: 143
Release: 2017-10-01
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN:

Download Plithogeny, Plithogenic Set, Logic, Probability, and Statistics Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

We introduce for the first time the concept of plithogeny in philosophy and, as a derivative, the concepts of plithogenic set / logic / probability / statistics in mathematics and engineering – and the degrees of contradiction (dissimilarity) between the attributes’ values that contribute to a more accurate construction of plithogenic aggregation operators and to the plithogenic relationship of inclusion (partial ordering).

Fuzzy Graph Theory

Fuzzy Graph Theory
Author: Sunil Mathew
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 331
Release: 2017-12-30
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3319714074

Download Fuzzy Graph Theory Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

This book provides a timely overview of fuzzy graph theory, laying the foundation for future applications in a broad range of areas. It introduces readers to fundamental theories, such as Craine’s work on fuzzy interval graphs, fuzzy analogs of Marczewski’s theorem, and the Gilmore and Hoffman characterization. It also introduces them to the Fulkerson and Gross characterization and Menger’s theorem, the applications of which will be discussed in a forthcoming book by the same authors. This book also discusses in detail important concepts such as connectivity, distance and saturation in fuzzy graphs. Thanks to the good balance between the basics of fuzzy graph theory and new findings obtained by the authors, the book offers an excellent reference guide for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics, engineering and computer science, and an inspiring read for all researchers interested in new developments in fuzzy logic and applied mathematics.

Neutrosophy

Neutrosophy
Author: Florentin Smarandache
Publisher:
Total Pages: 110
Release: 1998
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN:

Download Neutrosophy Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

Introduction to Global Variational Geometry

Introduction to Global Variational Geometry
Author: Demeter Krupka
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 544
Release: 2009-06-15
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 0080954154

Download Introduction to Global Variational Geometry Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to modern global variational theory on fibred spaces. It is based on differentiation and integration theory of differential forms on smooth manifolds, and on the concepts of global analysis and geometry such as jet prolongations of manifolds, mappings, and Lie groups. The book will be invaluable for researchers and PhD students in differential geometry, global analysis, differential equations on manifolds, and mathematical physics, and for the readers who wish to undertake further rigorous study in this broad interdisciplinary field. Featured topics - Analysis on manifolds - Differential forms on jet spaces - Global variational functionals - Euler-Lagrange mapping - Helmholtz form and the inverse problem - Symmetries and the Noether’s theory of conservation laws - Regularity and the Hamilton theory - Variational sequences - Differential invariants and natural variational principles - First book on the geometric foundations of Lagrange structures - New ideas on global variational functionals - Complete proofs of all theorems - Exact treatment of variational principles in field theory, inc. general relativity - Basic structures and tools: global analysis, smooth manifolds, fibred spaces

Group Decision Making

Group Decision Making
Author: Thomas L. Saaty
Publisher: RWS Publications
Total Pages: 465
Release: 2013-11-15
Genre:
ISBN: 1888603224

Download Group Decision Making Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

When a group makes a decision, that decision carries a lot more weight than when just one person does it. Think of the founding fathers of the American constitution and how much power and influence their ideas have had in the entire world for more than two hundred years. Also think of gravity, a universal force brought about by an enormous number of minute particles that band together to make a universal law. Together, they create a massive force, a law of nature; alone they can barely be noticed. That is how our minds work by deciding together to create a power that transcends our individuality. Group decision making is a gift and an opportunity to create greater influence through the working together of many minds. This book shows how to use the Analytic Hierarchy Process for hierarchical decision making and the Analytic Network Process for decision making in networks with dependence and feedback in group decision making. Part I discusses the group and the decision and shows the importance of using a structured process, particularly for those high value decisions involving many powerful parties with different interests. It discusses how to facilitate a group decision, combine individual judgments and smooth differences to arrive at a decision that everyone can live with and get behind. Part II discusses the group in planning and how to draw out differences. Part III is about conflict resolution and Part IV is about how to address significant issues that come up in group decision making and shows that it is possible to construct an overall group preference.

Optimization Theory Based on Neutrosophic and Plithogenic Sets

Optimization Theory Based on Neutrosophic and Plithogenic Sets
Author: Florentin Smarandache
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 448
Release: 2020-01-14
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 0128199083

Download Optimization Theory Based on Neutrosophic and Plithogenic Sets Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

Optimization Theory Based on Neutrosophic and Plithogenic Sets presents the state-of-the-art research on neutrosophic and plithogenic theories and their applications in various optimization fields. Its table of contents covers new concepts, methods, algorithms, modelling, and applications of green supply chain, inventory control problems, assignment problems, transportation problem, nonlinear problems and new information related to optimization for the topic from the theoretical and applied viewpoints in neutrosophic sets and logic. All essential topics about neutrosophic optimization and Plithogenic sets make this volume the only single source of comprehensive information New and innovative theories help researchers solve problems under diverse optimization environments Varied applications address practitioner fields such as computational intelligence, image processing, medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, and optimization design