A New Way to Think About Press Freedom: Networked Journalism and a Public Right to Hear in the Age of "Newsware"

A New Way to Think About Press Freedom: Networked Journalism and a Public Right to Hear in the Age of
Author: Michael Joseph Ananny
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:

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This dissertation presents a new way to think about press freedom in the context of online, networked news production. Essentially, if individual freedom means something other than just being left alone, and if press freedom is anything other than an anachronism from a time when only a privileged few could print or broadcast, then there is a democratic reason to defend press freedom and networked press dynamics to be discovered. To be free, people still need relationships with others and a right to hear -- conditions that are, ideally, guaranteed in part by an autonomous press. The need for freedom remains, but the press is negotiating its autonomy in new ways: distancing itself from and depending upon publics, markets and states through online networked infrastructures I call "newsware". I begin by unpacking the idea of autonomy as a general philosophical and democratic concept. I trace autonomy through a number of democratic rationales and situate it within an institutional understanding of the democratic press and an affirmative interpretation of the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment. I then use Bourdieu's Field Theory and New Institutionalism to show how the press can be understood as a field and use this model to trace how the mainstream press has historically negotiated its autonomy. Focusing on contemporary dynamics of online news production, I identify a new type of infrastructure called "newsware" through which the press negotiates its autonomy today. My empirical investigation focuses on one type of newsware: news organizations' application programming interfaces (APIs) that give publics access to their content. I present what I believe to be the first integrated account of three leading news organizations' APIs (The New York Times, The Guardian, and National Public Radio) and identify three ways in which they use them to negotiate distance from and dependences upon software programmers and internet users. I conclude by claiming that this new way of thinking about press autonomy--as a set of negotiated separations and dependencies among distributed actors connected through newsware infrastructures--better lets us both define and defend the press as an ideal networked institution that ensures a public right to hear.

Networked Press Freedom

Networked Press Freedom
Author: Mike Ananny
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 309
Release: 2023-10-31
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 0262549662

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Reimagining press freedom in a networked era: not just a journalist's right to speak but also a public's right to hear. In Networked Press Freedom, Mike Ananny offers a new way to think about freedom of the press in a time when media systems are in fundamental flux. Ananny challenges the idea that press freedom comes only from heroic, lone journalists who speak truth to power. Instead, drawing on journalism studies, institutional sociology, political theory, science and technology studies, and an analysis of ten years of journalism discourse about news and technology, he argues that press freedom emerges from social, technological, institutional, and normative forces that vie for power and fight for visions of democratic life. He shows how dominant, historical ideals of professionalized press freedom often mistook journalistic freedom from constraints for the public's freedom to encounter the rich mix of people and ideas that self-governance requires. Ananny's notion of press freedom ensures not only an individual right to speak, but also a public right to hear. Seeing press freedom as essential for democratic self-governance, Ananny explores what publics need, what kind of free press they should demand, and how today's press freedom emerges from intertwined collections of humans and machines. If someone says, “The public needs a free press,” Ananny urges us to ask in response, “What kind of public, what kind of freedom, and what kind of press?” Answering these questions shows what robust, self-governing publics need to demand of technologists and journalists alike.

Media Freedom in the Age of Citizen Journalism

Media Freedom in the Age of Citizen Journalism
Author: Coe, Peter
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Total Pages: 320
Release: 2021-12-10
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1800371268

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This timely book explores how the internet and social media have permanently altered the media landscape, enabling new actors to enter the marketplace, and changing the way that news is generated, published and consumed. It examines the importance of citizen journalists, whose newsgathering and publication activities have made them crucial to public discourse and central actors in the communication revolution. Investigating how the internet and social media have enabled citizen journalism to flourish, and what this means for the traditional institutional press, the public sphere, and media freedom, the book demonstrates how communication and legal theory are applied in practice.

Free Speech and Unfree News

Free Speech and Unfree News
Author: Sam Lebovic
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Total Pages: 183
Release: 2016-03-14
Genre: History
ISBN: 0674969596

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Does America have a free press? Many who answer yes appeal to First Amendment protections that shield the press from government censorship. But in this comprehensive history of American press freedom as it has existed in theory, law, and practice, Sam Lebovic shows that, on its own, the right of free speech has been insufficient to guarantee a free press. Lebovic recovers a vision of press freedom, prevalent in the mid-twentieth century, based on the idea of unfettered public access to accurate information. This “right to the news” responded to persistent worries about the quality and diversity of the information circulating in the nation’s news. Yet as the meaning of press freedom was contested in various arenas—Supreme Court cases on government censorship, efforts to regulate the corporate newspaper industry, the drafting of state secrecy and freedom of information laws, the unionization of journalists, and the rise of the New Journalism—Americans chose to define freedom of the press as nothing more than the right to publish without government censorship. The idea of a public right to all the news and information was abandoned, and is today largely forgotten. Free Speech and Unfree News compels us to reexamine assumptions about what freedom of the press means in a democratic society—and helps us make better sense of the crises that beset the press in an age of aggressive corporate consolidation in media industries, an increasingly secretive national security state, and the daily newspaper’s continued decline.

Freedom of the Press Vs. Public Access

Freedom of the Press Vs. Public Access
Author: Benno C. Schmidt (Jr.)
Publisher: Praeger Publishers
Total Pages: 324
Release: 1976
Genre: Law
ISBN:

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This book surveys the implications of freedom of the press for a constitutionally rooted public right of access to electronic and print media. Part one provides general perspectives on access to the media, including discussions of access in relation to the Supreme Court, to First Amendment history and theory, to current perceptions of the press, and to a possible remedy for concentration of the media. Part two focuses on access and First Amendment developments in libel and the "public forum." Access to television and radio is the topic of part three; specific investigations of broadcast regulations, the political ramifications of access (the "Equal Opportunities" provision of the Communications Act), the Fairness Doctrine, and the role of public interest are provided. Part four details the significance of the Miami Herald Publishing Company V. Tornillo decision for the future of public access and furnishes concluding remarks on the relationship between access, autonomy, and the First Amendment. (Ks).

Media Freedom in the Age of Citizen Journalism

Media Freedom in the Age of Citizen Journalism
Author: Peter Coe
Publisher:
Total Pages: 320
Release: 2021-12-10
Genre: Citizen journalism
ISBN: 9781800371255

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This timely book explores how the internet and social media have permanently altered the media landscape, enabling new actors to enter the marketplace and changing the way that news is generated, published and consumed. It examines the importance of citizen journalists, whose newsgathering and publication activities have made them crucial to public discourse and central actors in the communication revolution. Investigating how the internet and social media have enabled citizen journalism to flourish, and what this means for the traditional institutional press, the public sphere, and media freedom, the book demonstrates how communication and legal theory are applied in practice. Peter Coe advances a concept of 'media as a constitutional component', which distinguishes media from non-media actors based on the functions they perform, rather than institutional status, and uses this to provide a conceptual framework that recognises modern newsgathering and publication methods. This interdisciplinary book analyses the legal challenges created across a range of topical issues, including online anonymity and pseudonymity, defamation, privacy and public interest, contempt of court and press regulation. Media Freedom in the Age of Citizen Journalism will be a key resource for students, scholars, practitioners and policy-makers of information and media law, constitutional administrative law, communication and media studies, journalism and philosophy.

New Media and Freedom of Expression

New Media and Freedom of Expression
Author: András Koltay
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 304
Release: 2019-07-25
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1509916504

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The principles of freedom of expression have been developed over centuries. How are they reserved and passed on? How can large internet gatekeepers be required to respect freedom of expression and to contribute actively to a diverse and plural marketplace of ideas? These are key issues for media regulation, and will remain so for the foreseeable decades. The book starts with the foundations of freedom of expression and freedom of the press, and then goes on to explore the general issues concerning the regulation of the internet as a specific medium. It then turns to analysing the legal issues relating to the three most important gatekeepers whose operations directly affect freedom of expression: ISPs, search engines and social media platforms. Finally it summarises the potential future regulatory and media policy directions. The book takes a comparative legal approach, focusing primarily on English and American regulations, case law and jurisprudential debates, but it also details the relevant international developments (Council of Europe, European Union) as well as the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.

Journalism Worthy of the Name

Journalism Worthy of the Name
Author: Herdís Thorgeirsdóttir
Publisher: BRILL
Total Pages: 593
Release: 2005-06-01
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9047415205

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The subject of this study is ‘freedom within the press’, the nature and limits of the protection afforded to the journalistic imparting process, which has been a neglected area of research. The analysis draws on the classical defenders of freedom of speech, Milton and Mill, to show that at the dawn of the 21st century the intertwined alliance between big business and public authorities resulting in the widespread phenomena of self-censorship within the media constitutes an almost insurmountable obstacle. Instead of enlightening the public and inspiring the individual the press may be contributing to an inert public and individual cowardice antithetical to the objectives of human dignity and democracy. The core of the problem is that prima facie the infringement of freedom within the media is not exercised on legal premises and cannot therefore be solved within the legal framework. The operation of the press in society is conditioned by three types of regulation, legal regulation, market regulation and self-regulation. Legal regulation does not adequately presuppose the impact of the latter as it is based on the assumption that press freedom is mainly a negative liberty. The book explores the affirmative side of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights to guarantee press freedom that is not merely illusory but practical and effective. Convention jurisprudence has not only influenced the domestic courts of the Contracting Parties but also the legislators of the Member States. In an era of globalization dominant media operators wield power in their own domestic markets to impede national regulators in adopting interventionist media policies to secure journalistic freedoms. The Convention jurisprudence represents a kind of European ius commune, which is here set in the context of an analysis reflecting the problems and values at issue and offering recommendations to alleviate a situation which threatens democratic ideals and public-spirited journalism.

The People's Right To Know

The People's Right To Know
Author: Frederick Williams
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 207
Release: 2013-09-13
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 1136689923

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This important volume presents the pros and cons of a national service that will meet the information needs and wants of all people. In the preface, Everette E. Dennis, Executive Director of The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, asks, "What will a true information highway -- where most citizens enjoy a wide range of information services on demand -- do to local communities, government, and business entities, other units of society and democracy itself?" It is no longer a question of whether a vastly expanded "information highway" will be built in America. Telephone and cable companies have already inaugurated their plans, and government will most likely incorporate such plans into the economic development policy of the late 1990s. The key questions remaining are: Who will pay for it? and Whom exactly will it serve? The People's Right to Know suggests that serving the everyday citizen should be the main objective of any national initiatives in this area. It counsels that evolving electronic services are new communications media that should be deployed with a main focus on the public's needs, interests, and desires. If advances in the nation's public telephone network will make information services as easy to use as ordinary voice calls, or newspapers promise vast new electronic services awaiting their readers, more attention must also be devoted to the information needs and wants of everyday citizens. In our increasingly multicultural and technology-driven society, enormous inequities exist across America's socioeconomic classes regarding access to information critical to everyday life. If an information highway is to be effective, we need to ensure that all Americans have access to it; its design must start with the everyday citizen. This powerful new medium at our disposal must consider policy that includes attempts to close the information gap among our citizens. It must ensure equal access to data regarding job, education, and health information services; legal information on such topics as immigration; and transactional services that offer assistance on such routine but time-consuming tasks as renewing a driver's license or registering to vote. Media and telecommunications professionals, communication scholars, and policymakers, including two former chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission, provide insights and pointed commentary on the nature and shape of an information highway designed as a new public medium aimed at serving a wide range of public needs. Their work should improve our basis for deciding if there are means by which an enhanced public telecommunications network can benefit the everyday working American.

Twilight of Press Freedom

Twilight of Press Freedom
Author: John C. Merrill
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 410
Release: 2001-04-01
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 1135655561

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This volume offers a historical, philosophical, and practical critique of public and civic journalism--a movement that gained momentum in the final decade of the 20th century. During that period, proponents of the movement have published nearly a dozen books expanding upon and expounding the virtues of journalism, seeking to repair what is thought to be the torn social, political, and moral fabric in America. Although previous works have established a strong practical underpinning for public and civic journalism, none has examined its philosophical roots or challenged its methodology and grounding in neoliberal constructs. This volume does just that, tracing its origins in early philosophy to the current newsroom policies and practices that conflict with traditional constructs in libertarian press theory. Twilight of Press Freedom postulates that institutionalized journalism is fading away and world journalism--prompted by the people--is veering toward more order and social harmony, and away from the traditional idea of the great value of press freedom. The volume provides a critical examination of the trend toward public journalism and considers how press freedom will be impacted by this trend in coming years. Scholars and students in journalism, public opinion, and media studies will find this book insightful and invaluable.