Excerpt from Essentials of Arithmetic: Grammar School Book This work furnishes the material for a thorough study of the great essentials of arithmetic in the last four years of the elementary school. In general, in the schools of this country the work of Grade V consists of a review of the fundamental operations and a thorough study of the fractions and denominate numbers used in practical life. The central feature, in substantially all schools, is common fractions. The needs of this grade are met in Chapters I-III. In Grade VI the central feature is usually decimal fractions, the other topics being practical measurements and an introduction to percentage. These are the topics discussed in Chapters IV-VI. Percentage and its applications is taken up more thoroughly in Chapter IX, and the few schools which do not care to devote any time to percentage in Grade VI may omit Chapter VI and the few examples requiring percentage in Chapters VII and VIII. In general, the work of Grade VII is a thorough study of per centage and its applications, while Grade VIII considers arithmetic from the standpoint of the pupil's relation to the commercial, civic, and industrial world which he is about to enter. These two great features have been emphasized in the general plan of this book. Having always advocated the elimination of obsolete matter from mathematics, and having repeatedly urged the reduction of the number of separate topics and the avoidance of subjects in which the chlld has no immediate or remote interest, the authors take pleasure in presenting a series of books containing only those essentials of arithmetic which are needed in common life. More complete courses are offered in other books, but the teacher who sympathizes with the modern trend in education will find in this series all of arith metic that the pupil must thoroughly know. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.