Since 9/11, U.S. military forces have sought to adapt to an expanded battlefield -- one in which rear areas are no longer considered safe and secure. As a result, both the Navy and the Air Force determined that, in order to prepare to operate more effectively in combat, servicemembers in specific occupations required additional standardized combat skills training in such areas as land navigation, first aid, and weapons qualification. The Navy has developed and implemented the Expeditionary Combat Skills course for select Navy personnel. To provide similar training, the Air Force began planning its program. This report is an analysis of these programs. It also identifies lessons learned applicable to efforts to establish new training programs. Illus.