Trade Costs And Markups
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Author | : Natalie Chen |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 46 |
Release | : 2020-02-21 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1513529250 |
Download Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
We investigate theoretically and empirically how exporters adjust their markups across destinations depending on bilateral distance, tariffs, and the quality of their exports. Under the assumption that trade costs are both ad valorem and per unit, our model predicts that markups rise with distance and fall with tariffs, but these effects are heterogeneous and are smaller in magnitude for higher quality exports. We find strong support for the predictions of the model using a unique data set of Argentinean firm-level wine exports combined with experts wine ratings as a measure of quality.
Author | : Alexander McQuoid |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2014 |
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Download Trade Costs and Markups Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Author | : |
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Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2019 |
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Download Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Author | : |
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Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2012 |
Genre | : Direct costing |
ISBN | : |
Download Prices, Markups and Trade Reform Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
This paper examines how prices, markups and marginal costs respond to trade liberalization. We develop a framework to estimate markups from production data with multi-product firms. This approach does not require assumptions on the market structure or demand curves faced by firms, nor assumptions on how firms allocate their inputs across products. We exploit quantity and price information to disentangle markups from quantity-based productivity, and then compute marginal costs by dividing observed prices by the estimated markups. We use India's trade liberalization episode to examine how firms adjust these performance measures. Not surprisingly, we find that trade liberalization lowers factory-gate prices and that output tariff declines have the expected pro-competitive effects. However, the price declines are small relative to the declines in marginal costs, which fall predominantly because of the input tariff liberalization. The reason for this incomplete cost pass-through to prices is that firms offset their reductions in marginal costs by raising markups. Our results demonstrate substantial heterogeneity and variability in markups across firms and time and suggest that producers benefited relative to consumers, at least immediately after the reforms.
Author | : Hakan Yilmazkuday |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2016 |
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Download Constant Versus Variable Markups Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Author | : Beatriz de Blas |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2010 |
Genre | : |
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Download Understanding Markups in the Open Economy Under Bertrand Competition Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
The purpose of this paper is to understand the effects of endogenous markups and trade costs on the pricing behavior of exporters when firms are heterogeneous in productivity. Using new analytical distributions for markups under Bertrand competition, we uncover Ricardian patterns of export pricing that generate higher markups and export price volatility when industrialized countries sell to developing countries. These Ricardian patterns dissipate when developing countries move from bilateral to multilateral trade liberalization. The results arise from a form of price rigidity for exports that arises endogenously due to cut-throat competition, even though prices are otherwise perfectly flexible.
Author | : Michael Stone |
Publisher | : Craftsman Book Co |
Total Pages | : 316 |
Release | : 1999-01-01 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 9781572180710 |
Download Markup & Profit Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
In order to succeed in a construction business you have to be able to mark up the price of your jobs to cover overhead expenses and make a decent profit. The problem is how much to mark it up. You don't want to lose jobs because you charge too much, and you don't want to work for free because you've charged too little. If you know how much to mark up you can apply it to your job costs and arrive at the right sales price for your work. This book gives you the background and the calculations necessary to easily figure the markup that is right for your business. Includes a CD-ROM with forms and checklists for your use.
Author | : HAKAN YILMAZKUDAY |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2020 |
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Download Pass-Through of Trade Costs to U.S. Import Prices Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
This paper measures the pass-through of trade costs into U.S. import prices by using actual data on duties/tariffs and freight-related costs. The key innovation is to decompose the indirect effects of trade costs (on prices) into the effects on markups, quality and productivity while measuring/interpreting the pass-through of trade costs into welfare. Robust to the consideration of variable versus constant markups, there is evidence for incomplete pass-through, mostly due to the negative indirect effects of trade costs on marginal costs, suggesting that lower trade costs are associated with imports that have higher marginal costs; markups are affected relatively less. When the effects of trade costs on marginal costs are further decomposed into their components, the positive contribution of quality dominates in all cases, followed by the negative effects of productivity, suggesting that lower trade costs are associated with higher-quality imports that have been produced with lower productivity.
Author | : Bernard M. Hoekman |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 44 |
Release | : 2001 |
Genre | : Competition |
ISBN | : |
Download Mark-ups, Entry Regulation and Trade Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Country size matters in determining the effectiveness of domestic and foreign competition on pricing behavior in manufacturing. Removing barriers to entry of new firms reduces markups more in large countries, while removing barriers to imports reduces markups more in small countries.
Author | : Mitesh Maheshwari |
Publisher | : Mindpop |
Total Pages | : 63 |
Release | : 2019-11-16 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : |
Download Pricing Made Easy Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Pricing Made Easy helps you understand What is pricing, Current market pricing scenario, Various pricing strategy, Pricing problem & mistakes in today’s business and Pricing objective. This book teaches you how to Price your product focusing on two main strategies Markup & Markdown with real-time examples and different ways to calculate them. Markdown strategy helps you price your product during a seasonal sale or create a plan before going to the next selling season to keep all products moving through the store as quickly as possible. This strategy is most effective for stores whose customers visit frequently because the store needs to maintain an image of always having exciting new products available. One more reason to use this strategy is Poor performance of the product or reduction of the price because of a product’s inability to sell at its original price. Markup strategy helps you save lots of time by pricing products quickly. If you do not keep up with the prices of your competitors though, you can end up losing lots of money. This will happen if your prices are over or underpriced. In one case you will lose your customers and in the other, you will have lower profit margins. It also helps the vendor to easily calculate profit and Fair price of the product can be easily found. This strategy is mainly used by manufacturers and retailers to calculate their selling price. This book helps you choose prices that maximize profits and shareholder value while considering consumer and market demand.