The Role of DRR in Glioma Invasion and Stemness

The Role of DRR in Glioma Invasion and Stemness
Author: Mai Sater
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2017
Genre:
ISBN:

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"Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, and has a poor prognosis. Treatment failure in GBM is due to the rapid invasion of cancer cells into the normal brain, and presence of GBM stem cells (GSCs) which are a rare subpopulation of cells within the tumor that contribute to GBM recurrences. GSCs are characterized by their self-renewal capacity and resistance to adjuvant therapy. Previous work in the Petrecca lab has identified and characterized Downregulated in Renal Carcinoma (DRR) as a novel promoter of brain cancer invasion by modulating the cell motility machinery. As a clinically relevant model for glioma invasion, we have implanted human GSCs into the corpus callosum of mice, which these cells readily invade. We observed that DRR-silenced invading GSCs remain confined to the peri-tumoral region compared to DRR-expressing GSCs, which showed extensive invasion across the corpus callosum. In the second part, we show that DRR is highly expressed in all 8 GSCs tested, and positively regulates the expression of key transcription factors that control GSCs self-renewal including Sox2, Olig2, POU3F2 and SALL2. Furthermore, elimination of DRR expression in GSCs increased their sensitivity to temozolomide treatment in vitro, and reduced tumor size in a xenograft GSC mouse model. Collectively, our data show that targeting DRR expression hinders GSCs invasion and reduces their stem cell properties, making DRR a promising target for brain cancer therapy." --

Cortical Development

Cortical Development
Author: Ryoichiro Kageyama
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 283
Release: 2013-09-30
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 4431544968

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This book reviews recent progress in cortical development research, focusing on the mechanisms of neural stem cell regulation, neuronal diversity and connectivity formation, and neocortical organization. Development of the cerebral cortex, the center for higher brain functions such as cognition, memory, and decision making, is one of the major targets of current research. The cerebral cortex is divided into many areas, including motor, sensory, and visual cortices, each of which consists of six layers containing a variety of neurons with different activities and connections. As this book explains, such diversity in neuronal types and connections is generated at various levels. First, neural stem cells change their competency over time, giving sequential rise to distinct types of neurons and glial cells: initially deep layer neurons, then superficial layer neurons, and lastly astrocytes. The activities and connections of neurons are further modulated via interactions with other brain regions, such as the thalamocortical circuit, and via input from the environment. This book on cortical development is essential reading for students, postdocs, and neurobiologists.

Adverse Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy: Anything New to Improve Tolerance and Reduce Sequelae?

Adverse Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy: Anything New to Improve Tolerance and Reduce Sequelae?
Author: Kulmira Nurgali
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 245
Release: 2018-06-12
Genre:
ISBN: 2889454827

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Advances in anti-cancer chemotherapy over recent years have led to improved efficacy in curing or controlling many cancers. Some chemotherapy-related side-effects are well recognized and include: nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction and renal impairment. However, it is becoming clearer that some chemotherapy-related adverse effects may persist even in long term cancer survivors. Problems such as cognitive, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal dysfunction, and neuropathy may lead to substantial long term morbidity. Despite improvements in treatments to counteract acute chemotherapy-induced adverse effects, they are often incompletely effective. Furthermore, counter-measures for some acute side-effects and many potential longer term sequelae of anti-cancer chemotherapy have not been developed. Thus, new insights into prevalence and mechanisms of cancer chemotherapy-related side effects are needed and new approaches to improving tolerance and reduce sequelae of cancer chemotherapy are urgently needed. The present Research Topic focuses on adverse effects and sequelae of chemotherapy and strategies to counteract them.

Cancer and the Elderly

Cancer and the Elderly
Author: Jerome M. Vaeth
Publisher: S. Karger AG (Switzerland)
Total Pages: 220
Release: 1986
Genre: Medical
ISBN:

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Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation

Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 229
Release: 2011-07-29
Genre: Education
ISBN: 0309159687

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In order for the United States to maintain the global leadership and competitiveness in science and technology that are critical to achieving national goals, we must invest in research, encourage innovation, and grow a strong and talented science and technology workforce. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation explores the role of diversity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce and its value in keeping America innovative and competitive. According to the book, the U.S. labor market is projected to grow faster in science and engineering than in any other sector in the coming years, making minority participation in STEM education at all levels a national priority. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation analyzes the rate of change and the challenges the nation currently faces in developing a strong and diverse workforce. Although minorities are the fastest growing segment of the population, they are underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering. Historically, there has been a strong connection between increasing educational attainment in the United States and the growth in and global leadership of the economy. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation suggests that the federal government, industry, and post-secondary institutions work collaboratively with K-12 schools and school systems to increase minority access to and demand for post-secondary STEM education and technical training. The book also identifies best practices and offers a comprehensive road map for increasing involvement of underrepresented minorities and improving the quality of their education. It offers recommendations that focus on academic and social support, institutional roles, teacher preparation, affordability and program development.

Epigenetics: Development and Disease

Epigenetics: Development and Disease
Author: Tapas Kumar Kundu
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 698
Release: 2012-11-13
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9400745257

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Epigenetics fine-tunes the life processes dictated by DNA sequences, but also kick-starts pathophysiological processes including diabetes, AIDS and cancer. This volume tracks the latest research on epigenetics, including work on new-generation therapeutics.

Proton Therapy Physics

Proton Therapy Physics
Author: Harald Paganetti
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 691
Release: 2016-04-19
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1439836450

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Proton Therapy Physics goes beyond current books on proton therapy to provide an in-depth overview of the physics aspects of this radiation therapy modality, eliminating the need to dig through information scattered in the medical physics literature. After tracing the history of proton therapy, the book summarizes the atomic and nuclear physics background necessary for understanding proton interactions with tissue. It describes the physics of proton accelerators, the parameters of clinical proton beams, and the mechanisms to generate a conformal dose distribution in a patient. The text then covers detector systems and measuring techniques for reference dosimetry, outlines basic quality assurance and commissioning guidelines, and gives examples of Monte Carlo simulations in proton therapy. The book moves on to discussions of treatment planning for single- and multiple-field uniform doses, dose calculation concepts and algorithms, and precision and uncertainties for nonmoving and moving targets. It also examines computerized treatment plan optimization, methods for in vivo dose or beam range verification, the safety of patients and operating personnel, and the biological implications of using protons from a physics perspective. The final chapter illustrates the use of risk models for common tissue complications in treatment optimization. Along with exploring quality assurance issues and biological considerations, this practical guide collects the latest clinical studies on the use of protons in treatment planning and radiation monitoring. Suitable for both newcomers in medical physics and more seasoned specialists in radiation oncology, the book helps readers understand the uncertainties and limitations of precisely shaped dose distribution.

Towards New Promising Discoveries for Lung Cancer Patients: A Selection of Papers from the First Joint Meeting on Lung Cancer of the FHU OncoAge (Nice, France) and the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA)

Towards New Promising Discoveries for Lung Cancer Patients: A Selection of Papers from the First Joint Meeting on Lung Cancer of the FHU OncoAge (Nice, France) and the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA)
Author: Paul Hofman
Publisher: MDPI
Total Pages: 230
Release: 2019-09-17
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3039214519

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This Special Issue of Cancers (Basel) is mainly dedicated to selecting papers from the talks given during the first Joint Meeting on Lung Cancer (JMLC) between the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas USA) and the Hospital University Federation (HUF) OncoAge (University Côte d’Azur, Nice, France) (Nice, September 2018). The central theme of JMLC is to discuss new advances and exchange ideas regarding lung cancer. Notably, the talks covered different topics on new therapeutic strategies (targeted therapy and immuno-oncology), molecular and cellular biology, biomarkers, and the epidemiology of lung cancer. Special attention was also given to lung cancer in elderly patients. The articles published in this Special Issue covered subjects such as the assessment of new biomarkers and new approaches for the early detection of lung cancer, epidemiological data, and emphasized a place for the newly characterized cellular pathways in lung cancer, which opens room for therapeutic perspectives for lung cancer patients.

Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma

Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma
Author: Edwin Choy
Publisher: MDPI
Total Pages: 157
Release: 2018-10-08
Genre: Connective tissues
ISBN: 3906980464

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma" that was published in Cancers

Two Faces of Evil: Cancer and Neurodegeneration

Two Faces of Evil: Cancer and Neurodegeneration
Author: Thomas Curran
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 166
Release: 2013-05-29
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9783642267710

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Homeostasis involves a delicate interplay between generative and degenerative processes to maintain a stable internal environment. In biological systems, equilibrium is established and controlled through a series of negative feedback mechanisms driven by a range of signal transduction processes. Failures in these complex communication pathways result in instability leading to disease. Cancer represents a state of imbalance caused by an excess of cell proliferation. In contrast, neurodegeneration is a consequence of excessive cell loss in the nervous system. Both of these disorders exhort profound tolls on humanity and they have been subject to a great deal of research designed to ameliorate this suffering. For the most part, the topics have been viewed as distinct and rarely do opportunities arise for transdisciplinary discussions among experts in both fields. However, cancer and neurodegeneration represent yin-yang counterpoints in the regulation of cell growth, and it is reasonable to hypothesize that key regulatory events mediated by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer may also affect neurodegenerative processes