Despite the rationalist tradition of Confucianism, the Chinese people before the republican era were no less superstitious and credulous than were Europeans during the Middle Ages. Supernatural tales are still cultivated in Taiwan, though less extensively or seriously than they were from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries under the Manchu Dynasty, when a great number of such collections were published and enjoyed by a wide audience. Of these collections, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio is the recognized classic, superior to the rest for its style, learned allusions, wonderful mixture of humanity with the preposterous, and inventiveness. Although Pu Songling claimed in his preface that he did nothing more than copy down what he heard and edit contributions from his friends, quite a number of the stories were his creations, judging from the sophistication of sentiment and the neatness of plot. These stories, mostly supernatural in theme, rich in poetic symbolism, and deep in psychological insight, are a unique achievement in Chinese literature as studies of the feminine mind clothed in vivid imagination. The preponderant supernatural element in these stories is far from naïve: The human nature revealed here is what is known to a wise scholar or to a passionate lover rather than to an innocent blessed with sense of wonder but little experience. Like the fairy tales of Western civilization, the stories are governed by their own logic. Supernatural intervention is common, and men associate freely with spirits. Causes are followed by effects, but not in the same manner as in the natural or everyday human world. Spirits, demons, and human beings are all under the control of the law of causation or just retribution; good deeds or evil bring forth rewards or punishments. Therefore the author believed that his stories, in spite of their weirdness, absurdity, or even, in certain cases, obscenity, had a moral purpose.