The Law of Unmanned Naval Systems in War and Peace

The Law of Unmanned Naval Systems in War and Peace
Author: James Kraska
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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Unmanned systems are becoming ubiquitous in the oceans, and naval forces throughout the world are primary operators of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned surface vessels (USVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). International law governing activities on, over and under the sea emerged well before the development of unmanned systems. As UAVs, USVs and UUVs become more advanced - already autonomous, expendable and “intelligent” robots are emerging, forming networked systems - legal and policy issues are becoming acute. This article suggests that as “aircraft” and “vessels,” unmanned naval systems fit within the existing legal architecture for peacetime maritime operations, including the 1944 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. These two treaties and their progeny provide guidance for the use of most of the global commons, and reflect a liberal legal architecture for unmanned air-sea vehicles and systems.

One Nation Under Drones

One Nation Under Drones
Author: John E Jackson
Publisher: Naval Institute Press
Total Pages: 220
Release: 2018-11-15
Genre: History
ISBN: 168247240X

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One Nation Under Drones is an interesting and informative review of how robotic and unmanned systems are impacting every aspect of American life, from how we fight our wars; to how we play; to how we grow our food. Edited by Professor John Jackson, who holds the E.A. Sperry Chair of Unmanned and Robotic Systems at the United States Naval War College, this highly readable book features chapters from a dozen experts, researchers, and operators of the sophisticated systems that have become ubiquitous across the nation and around the world. Press reports have focused primarily on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, officially designated as UAVs, but more often referred to as "drones". This book takes you behind the scenes and describes how Predators, Reapers, Scan Eagles and dozens of other pilotless aircraft have been used to fight the Global War on Terrorism. Although these systems seemed to emerge fully-developed into the skies above America's distant battlefields following the attacks of 9-11-2001, readers will discover how they actually trace their lineage to the First World War, when the "automatic airplane/aerial torpedo", designed and built by the Sperry Gyroscope Company, made its first flight just over a century ago. Unmanned aircraft were used by various combatants in World War II, and took many forms: from converted manned bombers to inter-continental attacks on the American homeland by rice-paper balloons. Technology developed in the latter decades of the 20th century enabled crews stationed thousands of miles away to attack targets on remote battlefields. Such long-range and remote-controlled weapons have been extensively used, but are controversial from both legal and ethical stand-points. Chapters written by international law specialists and drone pilots with advanced education in ethics address these issues from both sides of the argument. The book also details how robotic systems are being used on land, in and below the seas, and in civilian applications such as driverless cars. Three dozen photographs display drones as small as an insect up to those as large as a 737 airliner. One Nation Under Drones covers such a wide array of topics that it will be of interest to everyone from the casual reader seeking to know more about these systems, to national security professionals, both in and out of uniform, who will be making decisions about their procurement and use in decades to come. This work will become the definitive volume on the subject, providing the facts and avoiding the hype about systems that have moved off the pages of science fiction and into the environment all around us.

New Technologies and the Law in War and Peace

New Technologies and the Law in War and Peace
Author: William H. Boothby
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 527
Release: 2018-12-20
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1108497535

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Explains how existing and proposed law seek to tackle challenges posed by new and emerging technologies in war and peace.

Maritime Unmanned

Maritime Unmanned
Author: Ernest M Snowden
Publisher: Naval Institute Press
Total Pages: 263
Release: 2021-10-15
Genre: History
ISBN: 1682477185

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Maritime Unmanned recounts the promising beginning, demoralizing setbacks, and ultimate success of the visionaries who championed unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) technology for the U.S. Navy. Ernest Snowden and Robert F. Wood Jr. dive deep inside the machinations of aerospace and defense industry leadership, strategy development, and execution to describe the process by which the Air Force’s Global Hawk was adapted to become the Navy’s Triton. This was the first time in the history of naval aviation that an unmanned aerial vehicle was adopted into frontline squadron inventories to become an enabling component of the maritime patrol and reconnaissance mission, a process that took more than twenty years as industry representatives and Navy counterparts developed and socialized an unfamiliar and unconventional concept of operations and senior government acquisition officials either advocated or purposely road-blocked its advancement. —Military Writers Society of America Award: Bronze Medal

Emerging Technology and the Law of the Sea

Emerging Technology and the Law of the Sea
Author: James Kraska
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 369
Release: 2022-07-21
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1009050745

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Autonomous vessels and robotics, artificial Intelligence and cybersecurity are transforming international shipping and naval operations. Likewise, blockchain offers new efficiencies for compliance with international shipping records, while renewable energy from currents and waves and offshore nuclear power stations open opportunities for new sources of power within and from the sea. These and other emerging technologies pose a challenge for the governance framework of the law of the sea, which is adapting to accommodate the accelerating rates of global change. This volume examines how the latest technological advances and marine sciences are reshaping the interpretation and application of the law of the sea. The authors explore the legality of new concepts for military operations on the continental shelf, suggest remote sensing methodologies for delimitation of maritime boundaries, and offer a legal roadmap for ensuring maritime cyber security.

Naval Weapons Systems and the Contemporary Law of War

Naval Weapons Systems and the Contemporary Law of War
Author: James J. Busuttil
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 284
Release: 1998
Genre: History
ISBN: 9780198265740

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This book provides the first comprehensive critical analysis of the regulation of naval weapons during armed conflict. It examines the experience this century with the use of naval mines, submarines and anti-ship missiles, the three main naval weapons. The sources of international law relevant to an assessment of the law, that is the extant conventions, state practice, military manuals, war crimes prosecutions, and the opinions of publicists, are each extensively examined so that a clear picture of the law emerges. The book examines the impact of agreements drawn up in peacetime on wartime conduct and focuses on the growth of law through customary practice. While stating the law as it is today, it also provides suggestions for the practical development of the law.

The Regulation of Automated and Autonomous Transport

The Regulation of Automated and Autonomous Transport
Author: Kyriaki Noussia
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 423
Release: 2023-08-12
Genre: Law
ISBN: 3031323564

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This book discusses various legal aspects of automated and autonomous transport. The regulation of automated and autonomous transport encompasses legislation on automated cars, ships, vessels, and drones. Questions surrounding this novel area of the law, which has attracted major worldwide interest and publicity, are likely to dominate our societies and everyday life in the years ahead. One major challenge addressed in this book is remedying the regulatory fragmentation that can be observed around the globe concerning legislation on automated and autonomous transportation systems. Written and edited by respected experts in the field, including academics and practitioners alike, this book seeks to fill an important gap in the literature. Given its focus and scope, the book will be of considerable interest to practitioners, academics, and policymakers, judges, students and secondary audiences, including engineers, sociologists, naval architects, all those involved in the automated industry, and people working in AI.

Autonomous Ships and the Law

Autonomous Ships and the Law
Author: Henrik Ringbom
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 237
Release: 2020-12-02
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1000330338

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Interest in autonomous ships has grown exponentially over the past few years. Whereas a few years ago, the prospect of unmanned and autonomous vessels sailing on the seas was considered unrealistic, the debate now centers on when and in what format and pace the development will take place. Law has a key role to play in this development and legal obstacles are often singled out as principal barriers to the rapid introduction of new technologies in shipping. Within a few years, autonomous ships have turned from a non-issue to one of the main regulatory topics being addressed by the International Maritime Organization. However, the regulatory discussion is still in its infancy, and while many new questions have been raised, few answers have been provided to them to date. Increased automation of tasks that have traditionally been undertaken by ships' crews raises interesting legal questions across the whole spectrum of maritime law. The first of its kind, this book explores the issue of autonomous ships from a wide range of legal perspectives, including both private law and public law at international and national level, making available cutting-edge research which will be of significant interest to researchers in maritime law. Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.

Indian and American Perspectives on Technological Developments in the Maritime Domain and Their Strategic Implications in the Indian Ocean Region

Indian and American Perspectives on Technological Developments in the Maritime Domain and Their Strategic Implications in the Indian Ocean Region
Author: Vice Admiral Pradeep Kaushiva
Publisher: KW Publishers Pvt Ltd
Total Pages: 164
Release: 2013-04-15
Genre:
ISBN: 9385714783

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The maritime domain, hosting the highways of global prosperity—through trade, industrial raw material and energy links—rates high in its potential for conflict. As the global pendulum of economic vibrancy swings eastwards, the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has been receiving increasing attention from all actors, state as well as non-state ones, and now presents itself in sharp focus as one of the volatile seascapes on this earth. The navies operating in the region will, therefore, need to depend on high technology and associated doctrines and procedures, so as to effectively deal with the wide spectrum of challenges therein. It will also become incumbent upon such littoral states as can afford the high cost of technology, to catch up so as to maintain their relevance in the great game being played out in their very own backyard. The United States as a leader in inventing and exploiting technology sets its own benchmarks in internalization of advanced technologies to undertake maritime missions at and from the sea in support of its military operations ashore. China, on the other hand, has been striving towards achieving asymmetric war-fighting capabilities, supported by other developing technologies as well as core capabilities like the Beidou position-fixing system, which would be central to network-centric operations, including missile guidance systems. As the IOR increasingly transforms into an arena of extra-regional power play, the implications of technologically enabled confrontations and their impact on resident states are poised to weigh in on a scale never imagined before. There is thus, a greater need for India to gain in-depth knowledge of and develop a perspective on advanced technology sensors, weapons, supporting infrastructures, doctrines and futuristic concepts in the maritime domain and their potential as strategic game changers in the IOR. This book aims to foster greater understanding of the challenges facing the IOR and also look at how the technological advances in the maritime domain may possibly handle such challenges. It should provide useful resource material to those investigating the impact of technology on meeting the maritime challenges in the IOR.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Author: Kristina Siig
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 294
Release: 2023-10-09
Genre: Law
ISBN: 100096728X

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The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has for four decades been considered by many to be one of the most important legislative achievements of international law. It is revered as a "constitution of the oceans", providing the legal framework for the governance of the oceans. This volume explores how the UNCLOS is functioning in various complex settings, how it adapts to new, emerging developments, as well as how it interacts with other regulation, both within the law of the sea regime and outside. Engaging in themes such as law and order at sea, UNCLOS’ interaction with human rights and the role of private actors, the book raises complex questions in the application, understanding, and enforcement of the convention and how it can be envisaged, interpreted, and used in a dynamic world. The volume also raises methodological questions, the answers to which may enhance the predictability and coherence of the law under UNCLOS and thus secure its role as the predominant and relevant system for legal governance at sea for many decades to come. As a contribution to ensuring the future relevance of UNCLOS, the book will be a valuable resource for scholars, diplomats, judges and other practitioners who are working with and interpreting the law of the sea and related issues of maritime law, migration law, human rights law and humanitarian law.