Safeguards Considerations in the Study of Proliferation Resistance of Plutonium Disposition Options

Safeguards Considerations in the Study of Proliferation Resistance of Plutonium Disposition Options
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 9
Release: 1997
Genre:
ISBN:

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Domestic and international safeguards considerations of the various plutonium disposition program options were studied. The options included immobilization in either glass or ceramic; deep borehole disposal, either directly as oxide or after immobilization in ceramic pellets; and nine options of burning in reactors as mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. Two of the MOX options considered burning in CANDU (Canadian deuterium uranium) reactors in Canada; the remaining options used either existing or new reactors in the US. A facility for conversion of weapons-grade PU metal to plutonium oxide is common to all options. Although domestic safeguards are applied for all material in the facility, international verification probably will not be possible until weapons design information from material form can no longer be inferred. Assuming that the facility processed 5 tonnes of Pu/year and all measurements are made to meet 1993 ESARDA (European Safeguards Research and Development Association) Target Values, the best annual detection limit (false alarm probability = 0.05, detection probability = 0.95) for loss of Pu can be no smaller than 16.5 kg, and probably will be higher. A MOX fuel fabrication facility is required for all of the reactor options, and location of the facility either in the US or in a EURATOM country was considered. Assuming that the facility processes 3.2 tonnes of Pu/year, and all measurements are made to meet ESARDA Target Values, the best annual detection limit for loss of Pu can be no smaller than 24 kg. Location in Europe adds an additional international safeguards burden. Impact of the various disposal options on domestic and international safeguards will be reviewed.

Fortegnelse over afdøde Landskabsmaler C. A. Kølle's efterladte egenhændige Oliemalerier, Studier, Tegninger og Raderinger, nogle Tegninger og Raderinger af andre Kunstnere samt den Afdødes Bøger og Malerrequisiter og en Samling Haandtegninger af afdøde Professor... J. V. Gertner, hvilket Alt bortsælges ved offentlig Auction, der afholdes... den 25de Februar 1873

Fortegnelse over afdøde Landskabsmaler C. A. Kølle's efterladte egenhændige Oliemalerier, Studier, Tegninger og Raderinger, nogle Tegninger og Raderinger af andre Kunstnere samt den Afdødes Bøger og Malerrequisiter og en Samling Haandtegninger af afdøde Professor... J. V. Gertner, hvilket Alt bortsælges ved offentlig Auction, der afholdes... den 25de Februar 1873
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Total Pages:
Release: 1950
Genre:
ISBN:

Download Fortegnelse over afdøde Landskabsmaler C. A. Kølle's efterladte egenhændige Oliemalerier, Studier, Tegninger og Raderinger, nogle Tegninger og Raderinger af andre Kunstnere samt den Afdødes Bøger og Malerrequisiter og en Samling Haandtegninger af afdøde Professor... J. V. Gertner, hvilket Alt bortsælges ved offentlig Auction, der afholdes... den 25de Februar 1873 Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

Nuclear Energy Basic Principles

Nuclear Energy Basic Principles
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2008
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9789201126085

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Describes the rationale and vision for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The publication identifies the basic principles that nuclear energy systems must satisfy to fulfil their promise of meeting growing global energy demands.

Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation

Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation
Author: Allan S. Krass
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 325
Release: 2020-11-20
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 100020054X

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Originally published in 1983, this book presents both the technical and political information necessary to evaluate the emerging threat to world security posed by recent advances in uranium enrichment technology. Uranium enrichment has played a relatively quiet but important role in the history of efforts by a number of nations to acquire nuclear weapons and by a number of others to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. For many years the uranium enrichment industry was dominated by a single method, gaseous diffusion, which was technically complex, extremely capital-intensive, and highly inefficient in its use of energy. As long as this remained true, only the richest and most technically advanced nations could afford to pursue the enrichment route to weapon acquisition. But during the 1970s this situation changed dramatically. Several new and far more accessible enrichment techniques were developed, stimulated largely by the anticipation of a rapidly growing demand for enrichment services by the world-wide nuclear power industry. This proliferation of new techniques, coupled with the subsequent contraction of the commercial market for enriched uranium, has created a situation in which uranium enrichment technology might well become the most important contributor to further nuclear weapon proliferation. Some of the issues addressed in this book are: A technical analysis of the most important enrichment techniques in a form that is relevant to analysis of proliferation risks; A detailed projection of the world demand for uranium enrichment services; A summary and critique of present institutional non-proliferation arrangements in the world enrichment industry, and An identification of the states most likely to pursue the enrichment route to acquisition of nuclear weapons.

Nuclear Safeguards, Security and Nonproliferation

Nuclear Safeguards, Security and Nonproliferation
Author: James Doyle
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 615
Release: 2011-04-08
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0080888119

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With an increase of global security concerns over potential terrorist acts, the threat of WMDs, and increasing political issues with nations seeking nuclear capability, the need to track, detect, and safeguard nuclear material globally has never been greater. Nuclear Safeguards, Security and Nonproliferation is a comprehensive reference that covers cutting-edge technologies used to trace, track, and safeguard nuclear material. It is a contributed volume with sections contributed by scientists from leading institutions such as Los Alamos National Labs, Sandia National Labs, Pacific Northwest Nuclear Labs, and Texas A&M University, and the Monterey Institute of International Studies. The book is divided into 3 sections and includes 30 chapters on such topics as - the security of nuclear facilities and material, the illicit trafficking of nuclear materials, improvised nuclear devices, how to prevent nuclear terrorism. International case studies of security at nuclear facilities and illegal nuclear trade activities provide specific examples of the complex issues surrounding the technology and policy for nuclear material protection, control and accountability. Specific cases include analysis of the timely issues in the nuclear programs of countries such as North Korea, Iran, and Kazakstan among others. Nuclear Security is a must-have volume for the dozens of private and public organizations involved in driving Homeland Security, domestic, and international policy issues relating to nuclear material security, non-proliferation, and nuclear transparency. Written by some of the world's top scientists including members of the Nuclear Division of Los Alamos National Labs (U.S.) A timely discussion of current international nuclear security issues includes case studies on Iraq, Iran and North Korea Book takes a global perspective on nuclear security and non-proliferation detailing the little-known real-world technologies used to secure, detect and track nuclear material

Nuclear Wastes

Nuclear Wastes
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 590
Release: 1996-02-23
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309052262

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Disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear weapons production and power generation has caused public outcry and political consternation. Nuclear Wastes presents a critical review of some waste management and disposal alternatives to the current national policy of direct disposal of light water reactor spent fuel. The book offers clearcut conclusions for what the nation should do today and what solutions should be explored for tomorrow. The committee examines the currently used "once-through" fuel cycle versus different alternatives of separations and transmutation technology systems, by which hazardous radionuclides are converted to nuclides that are either stable or radioactive with short half-lives. The volume provides detailed findings and conclusions about the status and feasibility of plutonium extraction and more advanced separations technologies, as well as three principal transmutation concepts for commercial reactor spent fuel. The book discusses nuclear proliferation; the U.S. nuclear regulatory structure; issues of health, safety and transportation; the proposed sale of electrical energy as a means of paying for the transmutation system; and other key issues.

Plutonium for Energy?

Plutonium for Energy?
Author: Alan Kuperman
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2018-10-19
Genre:
ISBN: 9781732907706

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Plutonium is a controversial fuel for three reasons: it can be used to make nuclear weapons, causes cancer, and is extremely costly to produce. Yet, relatively little information has been publicly available regarding the main use of this fuel around the world, in traditional ("light water") nuclear power reactors. This book offers the first comprehensive global study of plutonium "mixed oxide" (MOX) fuel in those reactors. Field research was conducted in all seven countries that have commercially manufactured or used such MOX: Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The chapters explain why five of the countries have decided to phase out MOX, due to concerns about security, economics, safety, the environment, and public acceptance. This volume should inform ongoing decision-making - in China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and beyond - about whether to recycle plutonium for energy.

Proliferation-proof Uranium/Plutonium and Thorium/Uranium Fuel Cycles: Safeguards and Non-Proliferation

Proliferation-proof Uranium/Plutonium and Thorium/Uranium Fuel Cycles: Safeguards and Non-Proliferation
Author: Kessler, Guenter
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
Total Pages: 580
Release: 2017-02-20
Genre: Nuclear fuels
ISBN: 3731505169

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Thermal and neutron physics analysis show that above certain concentrations of the isotope Pu-238 hypothetical nuclear explosive devices, made of reactor-grade plutonium, are technically not feasible. Future proliferation-proof fuel cycles are proposed which make use of methods of actinide tansmutation.Reactors operating in the thorium/uranium fuel cyce are loaded with

Disposal of Weapon Plutonium

Disposal of Weapon Plutonium
Author: E.R. Merz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 360
Release: 1995-12-31
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780792338413

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This NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Disposal of Weapons Plutonium is a follow-up event to two preceding workshops, each dealing with a special subject within the overall disarmament issue: "Disposition of Weapon Plutonium", sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The first workshop of this series was held at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London on 24-25 January 1994, entitled "Managing the Plutonium Surplus, Applications, and Options". Its over all goal was to clarify the current situation with respect to pluto nium characteristics and availability, the technical options for use or disposal, and their main technical, environmental, and economic constraints. In the immediate term, plutonium recovered from dismantled nuclear warheads will have to be stored securely, and under international safeguards if possible. In the intermediate term, the principal alter natives for disposition of this plutonium are: irradiation in mixed oxide (MOX) fuel assemblies in existing commercial light-water reac tors or in specially adapted light-water reactors capable of operation with full cores of MOX fuel .and irradiation in future fast reactors. Another option is to blend plutonium with high-level waste as it is vitrified for final disposal in a geologic repository. In both cases, the high radioactivity of the resulting products provides "self shielding" and prevents separation of plutonium without already developed and available sophisticated technology. The so-called "spent fuel standard" as an effective protection barrier is - quired in either case.