Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal
Author: Dr. Sunita Bhagia
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 41
Release: 2020-06-22
Genre: Science
ISBN:
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A. List of Experiments 1.Study pollen germination on a slide, 2.Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them, 3. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism, 4. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites, 5. Study the plant population density by quadrate method, 6. Study the plant population frequency by quadrate method, 7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 8. Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch. 9. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc. B. Study/observation of the following (Spotting) 1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds). 2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide. 3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). 4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. 5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian). 6.Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.7. Prepare pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness. 8. Controlled pollination-emasculation, tagging and bagging. 9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause. 10. Two plants and two animals (model/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations. 11. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment Content EXPERIMENTS 1.To study pollen germination on slide. 2. To study the texture moisture content pH and waterHolding Capacity of soils collected from different sites. 3.To collect water from different water bodies and study them for pH Clarity and presence of living organisms. 4. To study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at different sites. 5.To study plant population density by quadrat method.6.To study plant population frequency by quadrat method. 7.To study various stages of mitosis in root tip of onion by preparing slide in acetocarmine. 8.To study effect of different temperature and three different pH onthe activity of salivary amylase. 9. To study the isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach green pea,seeds, papaya etc. SPOTTING 1.Pollination in flowers. 2. Pollen germination. 3.Slides of mammal tissues. 4. Meiosis cell division. 5. T. S. of Blastula. 6. Mendel's inheritance laws. 7. Pedigree chart. 8. Controlled pollination. 9.Common disease causing organisms. 10. Xerophytic adaptation. 11.Aquatic adaptation.

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XI based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XI based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal
Author: Dr. Sunita Bhagia
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 65
Release: 2020-06-23
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9389356326
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An Excellent Book in Accordance with the latest syllabus for Class-11 Prescribed by CBSE/NCERT and Adopted by Various State Education Boards Introduction : (1. Necessary equipments, chemicals and other things for practical work, 2. General Instructions for practical work, 3. Special Instructions for practical note-book, Drawing and Recording, 4. Special Instructions for spotting.) EXPERIMENTS 1. To study and describe the flowering plant belonging to family (one from each of the families) (a) Solanaceae(b)Fabaceae(c)Liliaceae. 2.To prepare temporary slide of transverse section of dicot/monocot stem/dicot/ monocot root. 3. To study osmosis by potato-osmometer. 4. To study of plasmolysis in epidermal peel of Tradescantial or Rhoeo leaf. 5. To study the distribution of stomata on the upper and lower surface of a leaf. 6.To compare the rate of transpiration in upper and lower surface of the leaf. 7. To test the presence of sugars (Glucose, Sucrose and Starch), proteins and fats and to detect their presence in suitable plant and animal materials. 8. To study the separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography. 9. To study the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds. 10A.To test presence of urea in urine. 10B. To test presence of sugar in urine. 10C. To detect presence of albumin in urine. 10D.To test urine for presence of bile salt. SPOTTING 1. Study of compound microscope. 2. To study the plant specimen and identification with reasons : Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mushroom, Yeast, Liverwort, Moss, Fern, Pine, One Monocotyledonous plant, One dicotyledonous plant and one Lichen. 3. Study of animal specimens 1. Amoeba 2. Hydra 3.Fasciola Hepatica (Liver fluke) 4. Ascaris Lumbricoides 5. Hirudinaria Granulosa 6. Pheretima Posthuma 7. Palaemon 8. Bombyx Mori 9. Apis Indica (Honeybee)10. Pila Globasa (Snail) 11. Asterias (Starfish) 12. Scoliodon (Dogfish/Shark) 13.Labeo Rohita (Rohu) 14. Rana Tigrina (Frog) 15. Hemidactylus (Lizard) 16. Columba Livia (Pigeon) 17. Orytolagus Cuniculus(Rabbit). 4A.To study the plant tissues—Palisade cells, Guard cells, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem and Phloem through prepared slide. 4B.To study the animal tissue squamous epithelium, muscles fibres through prepared slide. 4C. To study mammalian blood smear by temporary/permanent slide. 5. Study of mitosis in root tip of onion. 6. Study of different modification in root, stem and leaves. 7. To study and identify different types of inflorescence (Racemose and Cymose). 8. To study imbition in seed/raisins. 9. To demonstrate that anaerobic respiration take place in the absence of air. 10. To study human skeleton and joints. 11. To study the external features of cockroach with help of model or chart

Practical/Laboratory Manual Physics Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal

Practical/Laboratory Manual Physics Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal
Author: Dr. J. P. Goel
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 71
Release: 2020-06-24
Genre: Science
ISBN:
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SECTION : A EXPERIMENTS 1.To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current, 2.To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine the specifi resistance (Resistivity) of its material, 3.To verify the laws of combination (Series/Parallel) of resistance using ameter bridge, 4.To compare the e.m.f. of two given primary cells using potentiometer, 5.To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell (e.g. Leclanche cell) using potentiometer, 6.To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to find its figure of merit. 7 A. To convert a given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same, 7.B.To convert a given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same. 8.To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer and horse-shoe magnet. SECTION : B EXPERIMENTS 1.To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length, 2.To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and v or 1/u and 1/v. 3.To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.4.To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens. 5. To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and angle of deviation, 6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope, 7.To find the refractive index of a liquid by using a convex lens and a plane mirror, 8.To draw I-V characteristics curve of a p-n function in forward bias and reverse bias, 9.To draw the characteristics curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break down voltage, 10.To study the characteristics of a common-emitter n-p-n or p-n-p transistor and to find out the values of current and voltage gains. SECTION : A ACTIVITIES 1.To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core, 2.To measure resistance voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of given circuit using multimeter, 3. To assemble a household circuit comprising of three bulbs, three (on/off)switches, a fuse and a power source. 4.To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. 5.To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current, 6.To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising atleast a battery, resistor/rheostat, key ammeter and voltmeter. Make the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram. SECTION : B ACTIVITIES 1.To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR (Light Depending Resistor), 2.To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed collection of such items, 3. Use a multimeter to : (i) identify the transistor, (ii) distinguish between n-p-n and p-n-p type transistor, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and a LED, (iv) Check whether a given electronic components (e.g diode, transistor or IC) is in working order, 4.To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab, 5.To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids, 6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit, 7.To study the nature and size of the image formed by : (i) convex lens, (ii) concave mirror on a screen by using candle and a screen for different distance of the candle from the lens/mirror, 8.To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses. SUGGESTED INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 1.To Study Verious factors on which the Internal Resistance/EMF of a cell depends, 2.To study the variations in current following in a circuit containing L.D.R. because of variation. (a) In the power of incomdescent lamp used to illum inate the L.D.R. Keeping all the lamps in fixed position (b) In the Distance of a in condescent lamp (of fixed power) used to illum inate the L.D.R. 3. To find the refractive indeces of (a) Water (b) Oil (Transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle, 4. To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table. 5. To investigate the relation between the ratio of : (i) Output and Input voltage (ii) Number of turms in secondary coils and primary coils of a self designed transformer. 6.To Investigate the dependence of angle of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hollow prism filled one by with different transparent fluids, 7.To Estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical styrofoam balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of coulomob’s Law :, 8.To study the factors on which the self inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an a.c. source of adjustable frequency, 9.To study the earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. APPENDIX Some Important Tables of Physical Constants Logarithmic and other Tables

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal
Author: Dr. Sunita Bhagia
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 41
Release: 2020-06-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9389356423
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A. List of Experiments 1.Study pollen germination on a slide, 2.Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them, 3. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism, 4. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites, 5. Study the plant population density by quadrate method, 6. Study the plant population frequency by quadrate method, 7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 8. Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch. 9. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc. B. Study/observation of the following (Spotting) 1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds). 2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide. 3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). 4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. 5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian). 6.Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.7. Prepare pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness. 8. Controlled pollination-emasculation, tagging and bagging. 9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause. 10. Two plants and two animals (model/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations. 11. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment Content EXPERIMENTS 1.To study pollen germination on slide. 2. To study the texture moisture content pH and waterHolding Capacity of soils collected from different sites. 3.To collect water from different water bodies and study them for pH Clarity and presence of living organisms. 4. To study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at different sites. 5.To study plant population density by quadrat method.6.To study plant population frequency by quadrat method. 7.To study various stages of mitosis in root tip of onion by preparing slide in acetocarmine. 8.To study effect of different temperature and three different pH onthe activity of salivary amylase. 9. To study the isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach green pea,seeds, papaya etc. SPOTTING 1.Pollination in flowers. 2. Pollen germination.3.Slides of mammal tissues. 4. Meiosis cell division. 5. T. S. of Blastula. 6. Mendel's inheritance laws. 7. Pedigree chart. 8. Controlled pollination. 9.Common disease causing organisms. 10.Xerophytic adaptation. 11.Aquatic adaptation.

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology -by Dr. Sunita Bhagia, Er. Meera Goyal (SBPD Publications)

Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology -by Dr. Sunita Bhagia, Er. Meera Goyal (SBPD Publications)
Author: Dr. Sunita Bhagia
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 57
Release: 2021-07-03
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9351679705
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Introduction EXPERIMENTS 1.To study pollen germination on slide, 2. To study the texture moisture content pH and water Holding Capacity of soils collected from different sites, 3.To collect water from different water bodies and study them for pH Clarity and presence of living organisms, 4. To study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at different sites. 5.To study plant population density by quadrat method. 6.To study plant population frequency by quadrat method. 7.To study various stages of mitosis in root tip of onion by preparing slide in acetocarmine. 8. To study effect of different temperature and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase. 9. To study the isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach green pea,seeds, papaya etc. SPOTTING 1. Pollination in flowers. 2. Pollen germination. 3. Slides of mammal tissues, 4. Meiosis cell division. 5.T. S. of Blastula, 6.Mendel's inheritance laws.7.Pedigree chart. 8.Controlled pollination, 9. Common diseases, causing organisms, 10. Xerophytic adaptation, 11.Aquatic adaptation. VIVA-VOCE

Biology Class XII - SBPD Publications

Biology Class XII - SBPD Publications
Author: Megha Bansal, Dr. Sunita Bhagiya
Publisher: RAJEEV BANSAL
Total Pages: 828
Release: 2021-05-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9381865272
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Unit-I-Reproduction 1.Reproduction in Organisms, 2 .Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms), 3 .Human Reproduction, 4. Reproductive Health, Unit-II-Genetics and Evolutions 5.Principles of Inheritance and Variation, 6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance, 7 .Evolution, Unit-III-Biology in Human Welfare 8.Human Health and Diseases, 9. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, 10. Microbes in Human Welfare, Unit-IV-Biotechnology 11.Biotechnology : Principles and Processes, 12. Biotechnology and ist Applications, Unit-V : Ecology and Environment 13.Organisms and Populations, 14. Ecosystem, 15 .Biodiversity and Conservation, 16.Environmental Issues, Value Based Questions (VBQ) Board Examination Papers.

Biology Class XI by Dr. Suneeta Bhagiya Megha Bansal

Biology Class XI by Dr. Suneeta Bhagiya Megha Bansal
Author: Dr. Sunita Bhagia
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 904
Release: 2020-08-25
Genre: Science
ISBN:
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Content - 1. The Living World, 2. Biological Classification, 3. Plant Kingdom, 4. Animal Kingdom, 5. Morphology Of Flowering Plants 6. Anatomy Of Flowering Plants 7. Structural Organisation In Animals,8. Cell : The Unit Of Life 9. Biomolecules 10. Cell Cycle And Cell Division, 11. Transport In Plants, 12. Mineral Nutrition, 13. Photosynthesis In Higher Plants, 14. Respiration In Plants 15. Plant Growth And Development, 16. Digestion And Absorption, 17. Breathing And Exchange Of Gases, 18. Body Fluids And Circulation, 19. Excretory Products And Their Elimination, 20. Locomotion And Movements, 21. Neural Control And Coordination, 22 Hemical Coordination And Integration [Chapter Objective Type Questions] Syllabus - Unit I : Diversity of Living Organisms Unit II : Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals Unit III : Cell : Structure and Function Unit IV : Plant Physiology U nit V : Human Physiology

Biology Class XI by Dr. O. P. Saxena Dr. Suneeta Bhagiya Megha Bansal

Biology Class XI by Dr. O. P. Saxena Dr. Suneeta Bhagiya Megha Bansal
Author: Dr. O. P. Saxena
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 900
Release: 2020-06-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9384223158
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Content - 1. The Living World, 2. Biological Classification, 3. Plant Kingdom, 4. Animal Kingdom, 5. Morphology Of Flowering Plants 6. Anatomy Of Flowering Plants 7. Structural Organisation In Animals,8. Cell : The Unit Of Life 9. Biomolecules 10. Cell Cycle And Cell Division, 11. Transport In Plants, 12. Mineral Nutrition, 13. Photosynthesis In Higher Plants, 14. Respiration In Plants 15. Plant Growth And Development, 16. Digestion And Absorption, 17. Breathing And Exchange Of Gases, 18. Body Fluids And Circulation, 19. Excretory Products And Their Elimination, 20. Locomotion And Movements, 21. Neural Control And Coordination, 22 Hemical Coordination And Integration [Chapter Objective Type Questions] Syllabus - Unit I : Diversity of Living Organisms Unit II : Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals Unit III : Cell : Structure and Function Unit IV : Plant Physiology Unit V : Human Physiology

Biology Class- XI - SBPD Publications

Biology Class- XI - SBPD Publications
Author: Dr. O.P. Saxena,
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 929
Release: 2022-02-17
Genre: Science
ISBN:
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1. The Living World, 2. Biological Classification, 3. Plant Kingdom, 4. Animal Kingdom, 5. Morphology Of Flowering Plants 6. Anatomy Of Flowering Plants 7. Structural Organisation In Animals,8. Cell : The Unit Of Life 9. Biomolecules 10. Cell Cycle And Cell Division, 11. Transport In Plants, 12. Mineral Nutrition, 13. Photosynthesis In Higher Plants, 14. Respiration In Plants 15. Plant Growth And Development, 16. Digestion And Absorption, 17.Breathing And Exchange Of Gases, 18. Body Fluids And Circulation, 19. Excretory Products And Their Elimination, 20. Locomotion And Movements, 21. Neural Control And Coordination, 22 Hemical Coordination And Integration Chapter Wise Value BAsed Questions (VBQ) LAtest Model Paper (BSEB) With OMR Sheet Examinations Paper (JAC) with OMR Sheet .

Practical/Laboratory Manual Chemistry Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. S. C. Rastogi, Er. Meera Goyal

Practical/Laboratory Manual Chemistry Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. S. C. Rastogi, Er. Meera Goyal
Author: Dr. S. C. Rastogi
Publisher: SBPD Publications
Total Pages: 51
Release: 2020-06-22
Genre: Science
ISBN:
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A. Surface Chemistry 1.To prepare colloidal solution (sol) of starch, 2. To prepare a colloidal solution of egg albumin 3.To prepare colloidal solution of gum, 4. To prepare colloidal solution of aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3], 5.To prepare colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)3], 6.To prepare colloidal solution of arsenious sulphide [As2S3], 7. To purify a freshly prepared sol by dialysis, 8. To compare the effectiveness of different common oils (Castor oil, cotton seed oil, coconut oil, kerosene oil, mustard oil) in forming emulsions. Viva-Voce B. Chemical Kinetics 1. To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, 2. To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, 3. To study the rate of reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations of iodide ions, 4. To study the rate of reaction between potassium iodate (KIO3) and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) using starch solution as indicatorl Viva-Voce C. Thermochemistry 1.Determine the enthalpy of dis solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) in water at Room temperature, 2. To determine the enthalpy of neutralization of the reaction between HCl and NaOH, 3. To determine enthalpy change during the interaction between acetone and chloroform Viva-Voce D. Electrochemistry 1.To study the variation of cell potential in Zn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu, with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4) at room temperature Viva-Voce E.Chromatography 1.To separate the coloured components (pigment) present in the given extract of leaves and flowers by ascending paper chromatography and find their Rf values, 2. To separate the coloured components present in the mixture of red and blue inks by ascending paper chromatography and find their Rf values, 3.To separate Co2+ and Ni2+ ions present in the given mixture by using ascending paper chromatography and determine their Rf values Viva-Voce F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds 1.Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) from ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate, 2. To prepare a pure sample of potash alum (fitkari), 3. Preparation of crystals of potassium ferric oxalate or pottasium trioxlato ferrate (III) Viva-Voce G. Preparation of Organic Compounds 1. Preparation of iodoform from ethyl alcohol or acetone, 2. Preparation of acetanilide in laboratory, 3. Preparation of b-Naphthol aniline dye, 4. To prepare a pure sample of dibenzalacetone, 5. To prepare a pure sample of p-nitro acetanilide Viva-Voce H. Tests for the Functional Groups Present in Organic Compounds Viva-Voce I. Study of Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins 1.To study simple reactions of carbohydrate, 2. To study simple reactions of fats, 3. To study simple reactions of proteins, 4. To investigate presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in food stuffs Viva-Voce J. Volumetric Analysis 1. To prepare 250 ml of M/10 solution of oxalic acid, 2.To prepare 250 ml of M/10 solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate, 3. Prepare M/20 solution of oxalic acid, with its help find out the molarity and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate, 4.Prepare M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt, using this solution determine the molarity and strength of potassium permanganate solution Viva-Voce K. Qualitative Analysis Viva-Voce INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS 1.To study the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening. 2. To study the quantity of caseine present in different samples of milk. 3.Preparation of soyabean milk and its comparison with natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature etc.4.To study the effect of potassium bisulphite as food preservative at various concentrations. 5. To study the digestion of starch by salivary amylase and the effect of pH and temperature on it. 6. To study and compare the rate of fermentation of the following materials—wheat flour, gram flour, potato juice and carrot juice. 7.To extract essential oils present in saunf (aniseed), ajwain (corum), illaichi (cardomom).8. To detect the presence of adulteration in fat, oil and butter, 9.To investigate the presence of NO2– in brinjal.