Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media

Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media
Author: Giacomo Carrea
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 328
Release: 2008-04-09
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3527621733

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Closing a gap in the literature, this comprehensive book examines and discusses different non-aqueous systems from organic solvents to ionic liquids for synthetic applications, thus opening the door to new successful methods for biocatalytic reactions. It gathers into one handy source the information otherwise widely spread throughout the literature, combining useful background information with a number of synthetic examples, including industrial scale processes for pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Extremely well structured, the text introduces the fundamentals of non-aqueous enzymology, before going on to new reaction media and synthetic applications using hydrolases and non-hydrolytic enzymes. The one-stop reference for everyone working in this hot field.

Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology

Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology
Author: Munishwar N. Gupta
Publisher: Birkhäuser
Total Pages: 229
Release: 2013-12-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3034884729

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Extending the range of enzymatic catalysis by using non-aqueous media has now developed into a powerful approach in biochemistry and biotechnology. One peculiar feature which distinguishes it from the conventional enzymology (carried out in aqueous buffers) is that the awareness of different parameters that control and influence the behaviour of enzymes in such environments has emerged rather slowly. Science is about being able to repeat what somebody else has done. Absence of knowledge about such well-defined parameters/fac tors has sometimes made some workers rather cautious and diffident about using this approach in their laboratories. But for this, non-aqueous enzymol ogy would be more widely practised. It is these thoughts that made me feel that the availability of some well-defined protocols for various applications invol ving enzymes in non-aqueous environments would further catalyze the growth of this area. Hence this book, in which each chapter has some protocols in a specific area. The protocols are preceded by brief background material. The early chapters, which are of general importance, concern control of water ac tivity and stabilization via immobilization. Some subsequent chapters provide the protocols for transformations involving lipids and carbohydrates, peptide synthesis, and preparation of chiral compounds. The disproportionate focus on lipases is not a coincidence; this class of enzymes has been used more often than others in non-aqueous enzymology.

Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents

Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents
Author: Evgeny N. Vulfson
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 677
Release: 2008-02-05
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1592591124

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Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the “reversal” of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.

Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media

Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media
Author: A. Koskinen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 327
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9401106118

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The outlook of organic synthesis has changed many times during its tractable history. The initial focus on the synthesis of substances typical of living matter, exemplified by the first examples of organic chemistry through the synthesis of urea from inorganic substances by Liebig, was accepted as the birth of organic chemistry, and thus also of organic synthesis. Although the early developments in organic synthesis closely followed the pursuit of molecules typical in nature, towards the end of the 19th century, societal pressures placed higher demands on chemical methods appropriate for the emerging age of industrialization. This led to vast amounts of information being generated through the discovery of synthetic reactions, spectroscopic techniques and reaction mechanisms. The basic organic functional group transformations were discovered and improved during the early part of this century. Reaction mechanisms were elucidated at a growing pace, and extremely powerful spectroscopic tools, such as infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry were introduced as everyday tools for a practising organic chemist. By the 1950s, many practitioners were ready to agree that almost every molecule could be syn thesized. Some difficult stereochemical problems were exceptions; for example Woodward concluded that erythromycin was a "hopelessly complex target". This frustration led to a hectic phase of development of new and increasingly more ingenious protecting group strategies and functional group transformations, and also saw the emergence of asymmetric synthesis.

Biocatalysis for Practitioners

Biocatalysis for Practitioners
Author: Gonzalo de Gonzalo
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 54
Release: 2021-07-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 352734683X

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This reference book originates from the interdisciplinary research cooperation between academia and industry. In three distinct parts, latest results from basic research on stable enzymes are explained and brought into context with possible industrial applications. Downstream processing technology as well as biocatalytic and biotechnological production processes from global players display the enormous potential of biocatalysts. Application of "extreme" reaction conditions (i.e. unconventional, such as high temperature, pressure, and pH value) - biocatalysts are normally used within a well defined process window - leads to novel synthetic effects. Both novel enzyme systems and the synthetic routes in which they can be applied are made accessible to the reader. In addition, the complementary innovative process technology under unconventional conditions is highlighted by latest examples from biotech industry.

Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
Author: Manfred P. Schneider
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 422
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9400946864

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Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Reisensburg/Ulm, Donau, Germany, June 16-22, 1985

Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry

Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry
Author: Kurt Faber
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 466
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3642980716

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The use of natural catalysts - enzymes - for the transformation of non-natural man-made organic compounds is not at all new: they have been used for more than one hundred years, employed either as whole cells, cell organelles or isolated enzymes [1,2]. Certainly, the object of most of the early research was totally different from that of the present day. Thus the elucidation of biochemical pathways and enzyme mechanisms was the main reason for research some decades ago. It was mainly during the 1980s that the enormous potential of applying natural catalysts to transform non-natural organic compounds was recognized. What started as a trend in the late 1970s could almost be called a fashion in synthetic organic chemistry in the 1990s. Although the early euphoria during the 'gold rush' in this field seems to have eased somewhat, there is still no limit to be seen for the future development of such methods. As a result of this extensive, recent research, there have been an estimated 13 000 papers published on the subject. To collate these data as a kind of 'super-review' would clearly be an impossible task and, furthermore, such a hypothetical book would be unpalatable for the non-expert [3-7].

Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes

Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes
Author: Vicente Gotor
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 348
Release: 2008-03-31
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9783527318254

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Perfect for biochemists, synthetic and organic chemists, this book covers all important reactions, including C-C coupling reactions, oxidation reactions and many more. Divided into two parts, the first section on methodology presents new innovative methods for enzymatic catalysis optimization, including such new trends as medium engineering, directed evolution and computer-aided prediction of enantioselectivity. The second and main section deals with applications to synthesis, showing important reaction types and their applications. Only those reactions with very high selectivity are presented, allowing readers to improve their own reaction yields.

Hydrolases in Organic Synthesis

Hydrolases in Organic Synthesis
Author: Uwe Theo Bornscheuer
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 368
Release: 2006-05-12
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3527607129

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From reviews to the first edtion: "Bornscheuer and Kazlauskas have set out, and succeeded, in producing a definitive manual on hydrolytic enzymes (especially lipases, esterases, and proteases) for organic chemists. This is quite simply the best book of its type and can be unreservedly recommended to organic chemists who have an interest in using hydrolytic enzymes in synthesis." (Nicholas J. Turner, University of Edinburgh) "The book is an indispensable source of information on the use of hydrolases in organic synthesis. The subject matter is very well set out, and the chapters are clearly written and presented from a critical viewpoint. Bornscheuer and Kazlauskas have succeeded admirably in describing the capabilities and limitations of the use of hydrolytic enzymes and in critically evaluating them. No library should be without the book." (Fritz Theil, WITEGA Angewandte Werkstoff-Forschung GmbH, Berlin) The second edition of this extremely successful and well-proven book presents recent developments in the use of hydrolases for organic synthesis, reflecting in particular the enormous progress made in enzyme discovery and optimization with a new chapter on "Protein Sources and Optimization of Biocatalyst Performance". The renowned authors survey the stereoselective reactions of hydrolases, especially lipases, esterases and proteases, giving researchers an overview of what has worked in the past so that they can judge how to solve their own synthetic problems. In total, the book contains over one thousand chemical structures, rounded off by some 1,800 invaluable references.

Enzymes in Organic Synthesis

Enzymes in Organic Synthesis
Author: Ruth Porter
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 192
Release: 2009-09-14
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0470718625

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The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.