Experimental Studies on Individual Decision-making and Game Theory

Experimental Studies on Individual Decision-making and Game Theory
Author: Maryam Ahmadi
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2021
Genre: Experimental economics
ISBN:

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Chapter 1 presents a laboratory experiment that measures the effects of social status on a joint decision under risk. In our experiment, we compare individual risk preferences and joint decisions using the Bomb Risk Elicitation Task by Crosseto & Flippin (2013). As the result of this comparison in our first treatment, individuals exhibit a risky shift in joint decisions associated with the relatively more risk-averse players in pairs. We further study the effects of self-status and the status differential on the risky shifts in joint decisions. Thus, we manipulated the status by the scores in an unrelated real-effort task by Erkal et al. (2011) and assigned "High" and "Low" status to individuals. Then we randomly paired individuals within the same-status and across the different-status groups in two treatments. Our main results show that high-status pairing mitigates the risky shift of relatively more risk-averse players. Moreover, we find that the status differential has an additional decreasing effect on the risky shifts of relatively more risk-averse players. Finally, we present empirical evidence on the effects of riskiness position and social status on joint decisions' outcomes. In particular, we use the departure from the maximum expected utility as the indicator of the joint decision's outcome. Our results suggest that the burden of the risky joint decision-making, in terms of departure from the maximum expected utility, is less for high-status players than low-status players. Among low-status players, this burden is even more significant when they are relatively more risk-averse. Finally, we cannot find any evidence that the status differential in pairs impacts the deviations in the expected utilities. Four strategic form games have proper names owing to their ubiquity as social situations: the Prisoner's Dilemma, Chicken, Battle of the Sexes, and Stag Hunt. The names themselves stem from underlying stories associated with the structure of the games' payoffs. Yet game theorist and social psychologist use different motivating stories for the same games. In Chapter 2, we experimentally test whether subjects can associate a name or story with its game. Our findings show that they cannot associate names with the games better than chance. Subjects are better at associating a story with a game, with the (in)ability to do so depending upon the game and the story. Subjects' failure to consistently make matches undermines the usefulness of game-theory-by-analogy for the purposes of informing policy or business decision making, and for predicting patterns of socioeconomic interaction.

Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions

Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions
Author: Amnon Rapoport
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 442
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9400919921

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This book is about the interplay of theory and experimentation on group decision making in economics. The theories that the book subjects to experimental testing mostly come from the theory of games. The decisions investigated in the book mostly concern economic interaction like strict competition. two-person bargaining. and coalition formation. The underlying philosophy of the articles collected in this book is consistent with the opinion of a growing number of economists and psychologists that economic issues cannot be understood fully just by thinking about them. Rather. the interplay between theory and experimentation is critical for the development of economics as an observational science (Smith. 1989). Reports of laboratory experiments in decision making and economics date back more than thirty years (e.g .• Allais. 1953; Davidson. Suppes. and Siegel. 1957; Flood. 1958; Friedman. 1%3; Kalisch. Milnor. Nash. and Nering. 1954; Lieberman. 1%0; Mosteller and Nogee. 1951; Rapoport. Chammah. Dwyer. and Gyr. I %2; Siegel and Fouraker. I %0; Stone. 1958). However. only in the last ten or fifteen years has laboratory experimentation in economics started its steady transformation from an occasional curiosity into a regular means for investigating various economic phenomena and examining the role of economic institutions. Groups of researchers in the USA and abroad have used experimental methods with increasing sophistication to attack economic problems that arise in individual decision making under risk. two-person bargaining.

Game Theory and Experimental Games

Game Theory and Experimental Games
Author: Andrew M. Colman
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 314
Release: 2016-06-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1483137147

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Game Theory and Experimental Games: The Study of Strategic Interaction focuses on the development of game theory, taking into consideration empirical research, theoretical formulations, and research procedures involved. The book proceeds with a discussion on the theory of one-person games. The individual decision that a player makes in these kinds of games is noted as influential as to the outcome of these games. This discussion is followed by a presentation of pure coordination games and minimal situation. The ability of players to anticipate the choices of others to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome is emphasized. A favorable social situation is also influential in these kinds of games. The text moves forward by presenting studies on various kinds of competitive games. The research studies presented are coupled with empirical evidence and discussion designed to support the claims that are pointed out. The book also discusses several kinds of approaches in the study of games. Voting as a way to resolve multi-person games is also emphasized, including voting procedures, the preferences of voters, and voting strategies. The book is a valuable source of data for readers and scholars who are interested in the exploration of game theories.

Handbook of Experimental Game Theory

Handbook of Experimental Game Theory
Author: C. M. Capra
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Total Pages: 448
Release: 2020-10-30
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1785363336

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The aim of this Handbook is twofold: to educate and to inspire. It is meant for researchers and graduate students who are interested in taking a data-based and behavioral approach to the study of game theory. Educators and students of economics will find the Handbook useful as a companion book to conventional upper-level game theory textbooks, enabling them to compare and contrast actual behavior with theoretical predictions. Researchers and non-specialists will find valuable examples of laboratory and field experiments that test game theoretic propositions and suggest new ways of modeling strategic behavior. Chapters are organized into several sections; each section concludes with an inspirational chapter, offering suggestions on new directions and cutting-edge topics of research in experimental game theory.

Game Theory and Experimental Games

Game Theory and Experimental Games
Author: Andrew M. Colman
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 314
Release: 2014-05-27
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 148315467X

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Game Theory and Experimental Games: The Study of Strategic Interaction is a critical survey of the essential ideas of game theory and the findings of empirical research on strategic interaction. Some experiments using lifelike simulations of familiar kinds of strategic interactions are presented, and applications of game theory to the study of voting, the theory of evolution, and moral philosophy are discussed. Comprised of 13 chapters, this volume begins with an informal definition of game theory and an outline of the types of social situations to which it applies. Games of skill, games of chance, and games of strategy are considered. Games of strategy are further subdivided into coordination, zero-sum, and mixed-motive varieties. Subsequent chapters deal with one-person games in which a solitary decision maker is pitted against Nature; the competitive nature of two-person, zero-sum games; the relationship between game theory and experimental games; and the mixed-motive character of variable-sum games that generate intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Experiments with prisoner's dilemma as well as coalition, auction, and social dilemma games are also considered. Finally, some applications of game theory are described. This book is designed for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and relevant practitioners in social psychology, sociology, economics, and politics, and in some cases for a rather broader public.

Neuroeconomics

Neuroeconomics
Author: Daniel Houser
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Total Pages: 43
Release: 2013-08-13
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0128073098

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Neuroeconomics is interested in understanding the interrelationship between computational mechanisms that exist in our evolved brains and computational mechanisms that exist in our constructed institutions. Game theory examines the way in which incentives affect decisions in strategic environments, and as such is an ideal tool for neuroeconomics studies because it links individual decision making to group level outcomes using clearly defined mechanisms. This chapter discusses the way game theory has been used to generate hypotheses in neuroeconomics, and reviews key concepts in the design and analysis of game theory and neuroeconomics experiments used to draw inferences regarding these hypotheses. The chapter concludes by indicating the way results from these experiments may point to a neuroeconomic theory of game playing.

Advances in Understanding Strategic Behaviour

Advances in Understanding Strategic Behaviour
Author: S. Huck
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 359
Release: 2004-10-29
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0230523374

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This volume contains sixteen original articles documenting recent progress in understanding strategic behaviour. In their variety they reflect an entire spectrum of coexisting approaches: from orthodox game theory via behavioural game theory, bounded rationality and economic psychology to experimental economics. There are plenty of new models and insights but the book also illustrates the boundaries of what we know today and explains the frontiers of tomorrow. The articles were written in honour of Werner Güth.

Experiments in decision-making under Risk

Experiments in decision-making under Risk
Author: Michał Wiktor Krawczyk
Publisher: Rozenberg Publishers
Total Pages: 171
Release: 2009
Genre:
ISBN: 903610145X

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Beliefs and Decision Rules in Public Good Games

Beliefs and Decision Rules in Public Good Games
Author: Theo Offerman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 235
Release: 2013-03-09
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475726546

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Part I provides an introduction to this study of players' beliefs and decision rules in to obtain data in order to public good games. The experimental method will be used test theoretical ideas about beliefs and decision rules. Chapter 1 discusses some methodological issues concerning experimentation in the social sciences. In particular, this chapter focuses on the relationship between experimental economics and social psychology. Chapter 2 provides an overview of psychological and economic ideas concerning players' beliefs and decision rules in public good games. This chapter forms the theoretical foundation of the book. Chapter 3 discusses some basic experimental tools which will be used in the experiments to be reported in part II. These basic experimental tools make up two procedures, to obtain a measure of a player's social orientation and a measure of her or his beliefs. 1. Experimentation in the social sciences 1.1 Introduction The study of human behavior is an area where economics and psychology overlap. Although both disciplines are concerned with the same human beings, they often have different points of view on how people make choices and the motivation behind it.

Decision Making Using Game Theory

Decision Making Using Game Theory
Author: Anthony Kelly
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 228
Release: 2003-03-27
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9781139438131

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Game theory is a key element in most decision-making processes involving two or more people or organisations. This book explains how game theory can predict the outcome of complex decision-making processes, and how it can help you to improve your own negotiation and decision-making skills. It is grounded in well-established theory, yet the wide-ranging international examples used to illustrate its application offer a fresh approach to an essential weapon in the armoury of the informed manager. The book is accessibly written, explaining in simple terms the underlying mathematics behind games of skill, before moving on to more sophisticated topics such as zero-sum games, mixed-motive games, and multi-person games, coalitions and power. Clear examples and helpful diagrams are used throughout, and the mathematics is kept to a minimum. It is written for managers, students and decision makers in any field.