Excerpt from City Roads and Pavements: Suited to Cities of Moderate Size The local features of the first edition, having served their purpose, have been omitted, and modifications have been made to show the present applications of general methods, some of which have changed since 1894. The most marked change during the past eight years has been in the increased use of crushed stone for roadways of macadam and of telford construction, on the improved streets of villages and cities. A notable instance is that of the city of Greater New York, which contains outside its parks eight hundred miles of crushed stone roads built since 1894. This general increase has resulted in part from the work begun in 1893 by the State of New Jersey, followed in 1894 by Massachusetts, in 1895 by Connecticut and in 1898 by New York. The examples given by the governments of these States in building highways by State aid and outside corporate limits, have led to the building by the municipalities of similar roads within many cities and villages, which have thus wisely profited by the experienced methods of State officials. The results have been an increasing extent of the best kinds of roads of broken stone, and a growing knowledge of the methods and machines by which alone can such roads be built and maintained. These are here described under the heading "Broken Stone Roads," without however differing essentially from the descriptions given in the first edition. The grade of a city street is usually a fixed condition and not a theory, and it is often difficult to decide which is the best pavement for a fixed steep grade in a given climate, or how steep a grade will give good results with a given pavement. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.