Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors

Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors
Author: Sabine Maasen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 353
Release: 2013-12-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9401106738

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not lie in the conceptual distinctions but in the perceived functions of metaphors and whether in the concrete case they are judged positive or negative. The ongoing debates reflect these concerns quite clearly~ namely that metaphors are judged on the basis of supposed dangers they pose and opportunities they offer. These are the criteria of evaluation that are obviously dependent on the context in which the transfer of meaning occurs. Our fundamental concern is indeed the transfer itself~ its prospects and its limits. Looking at possible functions of metaphors is one approach to under standing and elucidating sentiments about them. The papers in this volume illustrate, by quite different examples, three basic functions of metaphors: illustrative, heuristic~ and constitutive. These functions rep resent different degrees of transfer of meaning. Metaphors are illustrative when they are used primarily as a literary device, to increase the power of conviction of an argument, for example. Although the difference between the illustrative and the heuristic function of metaphors is not great, it does exist: metaphors are used for heuristic purposes whenever "differences" of meaning are employed to open new perspectives and to gain new insights. In the case of "constitutive" metaphors they function to actually replace previous meanings by new ones. Sabine Maasen in her paper introduces the distinction between transfer and transforma tion.

Society and Its Metaphors

Society and Its Metaphors
Author: Jose Lopez
Publisher: A&C Black
Total Pages: 194
Release: 2003-02-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1847143733

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Both classical and contemporary social theorists have created a range of frameworks to formulate and develop concepts of social structure. Focusing on the work of the key theorists, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons and Louis Althusser, Society and its Metaphors maps the linguistic basis of different theories of social structure.

Critical Realism

Critical Realism
Author: Justin Cruickshank
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 259
Release: 2003
Genre: Critical realism
ISBN: 1134402821

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An introduction to the difference that critical realism can make to contemporary social sciences, covering cultural studies, feminism, globalization, heterodox economics, education policy, the self and the 'underclass' debate.

Refiguring Life

Refiguring Life
Author: Evelyn Fox Keller
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Total Pages: 164
Release: 1995
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 9780231102056

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Refiguring Life begins with the history of genetics and embryology, showing how discipline-based metaphors have directed scientists' search for evidence. Keller continues with an exploration of the border traffic between biology and physics, focusing on the question of life and the law of increasing entropy. In a final section she traces the impact of new metaphors, born of the computer revolution, on the course of biological research. Keller shows how these metaphors began as objects of contestation between competing visions of the life sciences, how they came to be recast and appropriated by already established research agendas, and how in the process they ultimately came to subvert those same agendas. Refiguring Life explains how the metaphors and machinery of research are not merely the products of scientific discovery but actually work together to map out the territory along which new metaphors and machines can be constructed. Through their dynamic interaction, Keller points out, they define the realm of the possible in science. Drawing on a remarkable spectrum of theoretical work ranging from Schroedinger to French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, Refiguring Life fuses issues already prominent in the humanities and social sciences with those in the physical and natural sciences, transgressing disciplinary boundaries to offer a broad view of the natural sciences as a whole. Moving gracefully from genetics to embryology, from physics to biology, from cyberscience to molecular biology, Evelyn Fox Keller demonstrates that scientific inquiry cannot pretend to stand apart from the issues and concerns of the larger society in which it exists.

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic Biology
Author: Joachim Boldt
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 233
Release: 2015-11-26
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 3658109882

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Assessing synthetic biology from a societal and ethical perspective is not only a matter of determining possible harms and benefits of synthetic biology applications. Synthetic biology also incorporates a specific technoscientific understanding of its research agenda and its research objects that has philosophical and ethical implications. This edited volume sets out to explore and evaluate these synthetic biology worldviews and it proposes appropriate governance measures. In addition, legal challenges are discussed.

Making Sense of Life

Making Sense of Life
Author: Evelyn Fox KELLER
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Total Pages: 402
Release: 2009-06-30
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0674039440

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What do biologists want? How will we know when we have 'made sense' of life? Explanations in the biological sciences are provisional and partial, judged by criteria as heterogenous as their subject matter. This text accounts for this diversity.

Political Language and Metaphor

Political Language and Metaphor
Author: Terrell Carver
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 310
Release: 2008-03-04
Genre: Foreign Language Study
ISBN: 1134114702

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This book is the first to develop new methodological approaches to understand and analyze the use of metaphor in political science and international relations.

Metaphor and the Dynamics of Knowledge

Metaphor and the Dynamics of Knowledge
Author: Sabine Maasen
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 229
Release: 2013-01-11
Genre: Literary Criticism
ISBN: 1134620306

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This book opens up a new route to the study of knowledge dynamics and the sociology of knowledge. The focus is on the role of metaphors as powerful catalysts, and the book dissects their role in the construction of theories of knowledge. It is of vital interest to social and cognitive scientists alike.

Hegemonies of Legitimation

Hegemonies of Legitimation
Author: Dominika Biegoń
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 243
Release: 2017-03-28
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1137570504

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The legitimacy of the European Union is a much studied and highly contested subject. Unlike other works, this book does not engage in another review of the shifts of public opinion and perception regarding the EU. Instead, it offers a different and innovative perspective by focusing on constructions of legitimacy in the European Commission. Starting from the premise that legitimacy is discursively constructed, the book engages in a fine-grained analysis of legitimacy discourses in the European Commission since the early 1970s. Embedded in a poststructuralist theoretical framework, Hegemonies of Legitimation also sheds light on the conditions that made radical shifts of legitimacy discourses possible, and illustrates how these discursive shifts paved the way for different types of legitimation policies. As such, the book maps and reconstructs the historically variable discursive landscape of competing articulations of what legitimacy signifies in the case of the EC/EU, and provides us with a detailed picture of the history of the Commission's struggle for legitimacy.

Metaphors for Environmental Sustainability

Metaphors for Environmental Sustainability
Author: Brendon Larson
Publisher: Yale University Press
Total Pages: 356
Release: 2011-06-07
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 0300151543

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Scientists turn to metaphors to formulate and explain scientific concepts, but an ill-considered metaphor can lead to social misunderstandings and counterproductive policies, Brendon Larson observes in this stimulating book. He explores how metaphors can entangle scientific facts with social values and warns that, particularly in the environmental realm, incautious metaphors can reinforce prevailing values that are inconsistent with desirable sustainability outcomes. "Metaphors for Environmental Sustainability" draws on four case studies--two from nineteenth-century evolutionary science, and two from contemporary biodiversity science--to reveal how metaphors may shape the possibility of sustainability. Arguing that scientists must assume greater responsibility for their metaphors, and that the rest of us must become more critically aware of them, the author urges more critical reflection on the social dimensions and implications of metaphors while offering practical suggestions for choosing among alternative scientific metaphors.